Monoclonal antibodies in fish and shellfish health management in India

The paper describes the superiority of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) over conventional polyclonal antisera. Studies undertaken indicate that Aeromonas hydrophila isolates are highly heterogenous and variation exists even between isolates from a farm, requiring a large number of MAbs for classification and use of information in vaccine development. However, some of the MAbs could be used for detection of homologous isolates in fish kidney by immunodot assay and evaluation and standardization of biofilm of A. hydrophila for oral vaccination in carps

Effect of microbial biofilm in the nursery phase of mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala

The experiment was conducted for 35 days in nine cement tubs (1 x 1 x 1 m) having 15 cm sandy-loam soil base with three treatments in triplicate, viz., cow dung alone at the rate of 1 kg/tub (T sub(1)), cow dung at 1 kg/tub and feed at 10% body wt/d in two meals (T sub(2)), and cow dung at 1 kg and paddy straw at 200 g/tub (T sub(3)). Both manure and substrate were added on dry weight basis. All the tubs were stocked with 10 fry each mrigal (100,000/ha) of average weight of 0.09 g, seven days after the addition of manure and substrate. The total plate count of bacteria in water did not vary much between the treatments and the mean values were 5.13, 5.49 and 5.85 (CFU x 10 super(4)/ml) in T sub(1) T sub(2) and T sub(3) respectively. The number of phytoplankters and zooplankters in water differed significantly between the treatments. The average number of attached algae (no./cm³) and fish food organisms (no./cm³) recorded on the substrate were 145.28 and 70.67, respectively. The mean final weight of mrigal differed significantly (P < 0.05) between the treatments with T sub(3) registering the highest value of 6.93 g followed by T sub(2) (5.01 g) and T sub(1) (3.37 g). The specific growth rate and growth increment of fish also followed the same trend as that of weight recorded in the different treatments. Survival was higher in T sub(2) (83.33%), followed by T sub(3) (80.00%) and T sub(1) (76.67%). The study demonstrates that by the introduction of biodegradable substrates like paddy straw into the culture systems, significantly higher growth and survival can be obtained in the nursery rearing of mrigal

Humoral and protective response of Indian major carps to immersion vaccination with Aeromonas hydrophila

Fry of the Indian major carps, Catta catla (Ham.), Labeo rohita (Ham.) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) were immunized at 4 and 8 weeks post hatching (wph) by direct immersion in a suspension (10 super(8) cells ml super(-1))of heat inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila. Following the same procedure, booster dose was administered 20 days after the first immersion. Antibodies as well as protective response produced in both the groups after the first and the booster immersion were different and significant (P<0.05). No significant difference was found between the species in the two age groups. The specimens immunized 8 wph showed higher antibody titres and protection than the 4 wph group. C. catla had higher relative percent survival followed by L. rohita and C. mrigala

An Analysis on Problems of Vegetables Marketing in Farmers’ Market of Jharkhand - A Case Study in Ranchi District

The green revolution is one of the greatest successes that the country has observed and resultantly achieved self-sufficiency and a good degree of stability in food grain production. However, the country still faces the challenges of comprehensive food security and malnutrition, Thus, vegetables will play an important role by contributing adequate vitamins, carbohydrates, minerals, fibres etc. but it is a known fact that horticulture sector in India is constrained by low crop productivity, limited irrigation facilities and underdeveloped infrastructure support like cold storages, markets, roads, transportation facilities etc. There are heavy post-harvest and handling losses, resulting in low productivity per unit area and high cost of production. Analysis shows, there is an inverse relation between the farm size of the respondents and their overall problems of marketing vegetables in farmers’ market. It could be noted that higher their farm size, lower their overall problems of marketing vegetables in farmers’ market and the vice versa. It is noted that there is an inverse relation between the caste status of the respondents and their overall problems of marketing vegetables in farmers’ market

An analysis of Marketed Surplus and Price Spread of Cauliflower in S. Chotanagpur (Jharkhand) for Sustainable financial inclusion of Tribal Farmers

The study was undertaken to analyze marketed surplus and price spread for Cauliflower in S. Chotanagpur of Jharkhand. Cluster sampling techniques was used to select the sample villages and respondents. Primary data were collected by personal interview of respondents. Simple statistical tools were employed to accomplish different objectives of the study. The marketed surplus of the medium category of farms have slightly higher surplus than marginal, large and small categories of farms. Their relative proportion was 94.84 per cent, 94.51 per cent, 94.49 per cent and 94.48 per cent respectively of the total production. The share of producer in consumer rupee is high in channel were there are less number of intermediaries. The marketing cost incurred by wholesaler in different channels were estimated 5.01 per cent, 6.39 per cent and 7.88 per cent of the consumer price respectively and their corresponding net margins were 9.68 per cent, 9.61 per cent and 10.23 per cent of the price paid by the consumer

An analysis of Marketed Surplus and Price Spread of Cauliflower in S. Chotanagpur (Jharkhand) for Sustainable financial inclusion of Tribal Farmers

The study was undertaken to analyze marketed surplus and price spread for Cauliflower in S. Chotanagpur of Jharkhand. Cluster sampling techniques was used to select the sample villages and respondents. Primary data were collected by personal interview of respondents. Simple statistical tools were employed to accomplish different objectives of the study. The marketed surplus of the medium category of farms have slightly higher surplus than marginal, large and small categories of farms. Their relative proportion was 94.84 per cent, 94.51 per cent, 94.49 per cent and 94.48 per cent respectively of the total production. The share of producer in consumer rupee is high in channel were there are less number of intermediaries. The marketing cost incurred by wholesaler in different channels were estimated 5.01 per cent, 6.39 per cent and 7.88 per cent of the consumer price respectively and their corresponding net margins were 9.68 per cent, 9.61 per cent and 10.23 per cent of the price paid by the consumer

Is epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) specific fungus of fishes a primary pathogen?: an opinion

Earlier findings on epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) and the present observation of the authors on transmission of EUS to snakehead (Channa sp.) without skin damage provide evidence to suggest that the invasive fungus associated with EUS is a primary pathogen

Promotion of substrate based microbial biofilm in ponds: a low cost technology to boost fish production

Microbial biofilms have been found to increase fish production in ponds by increasing heterotrophic production through periphyton proliferation on available substrates. In this paper, the role of substrate based microbial biofilm in the production of Cyprinus carpio and Labeo rohita grown in ponds is investigated, using an easily available and biodegradable agricultural waste product (sugarcane bagasse) as substrate

The Verifying Compiler: A Grand Challenge for Computing Research

Abstract. This contribution proposes a set of criteria that distinguish a grand challenge in science or engineering from the many other kinds of short-term or long-term research problems that engage the interest of scientists and engineers. As an example drawn from Computer Science, it revives an old challenge: the construction and application of a verifying compiler that guarantees correctness of a program before running it. Introduction. The primary purpose of the formulation and promulgation of a grand challenge is the advancement of science or engineering. A grand challenge represents a commitment by a significant section of the research community to work together towards a common goal, agreed to be valuable and achievable by a team effort within a predicted timescale. The challenge is formulated by th