AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN SEDIAAN NANOPARTIKEL KITOSAN EKSTRAK ETANOL KELOPAK ROSELA (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) PADA TIKUS HIPERKOLESTEROL : PENGUKURAN KADAR MALONDIALDEHID (MDA)

Hypercholesterolemia can induce oxidative stress and are associated with atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular disorders. Administration of a preparation of chitosan nanoparticles roselle extract (NKER) can prevent oxidative stress because it contains flavonoids which have an effect as an antioxidant anthocyanin. Decreased oxidative stress can be determined by measuring the levels of malondealdehid (MDA) produced by the reaction of lipid peroxidation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of administration of a preparation of chitosan nanoparticles roselle calyx ethanol extract of antioxidant activity by measuring the levels of MDA. This study used 25 adult rats of Sprague Dawley strain were divided into 5 groups. The first group was given a standard feed diet as baseline, group II was induced with pure cholesterol. Group III, IV and V induced pure cholesterol as well as the dosage given NKER with successive doses of 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/KgBB. The treatment was done for 30 days. On day - 31 each rat blood taken for measurement of total cholesterol, as well as the measurement of MDA using thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). The results showed an increase in levels of MDA in mice induced pure cholesterol (group II) with a mean concentration of 7.13 ± 0.22 nmol / ml significantly different to the baseline with a mean concentration of 0.87 ± 0.77 nmol / ml (p≤0,05). The mean levels of MDA in group III, IV and V respectively was 5.49 ± 0.18 nmol / ml; 4.18 ± 0.37 nmol / ml; and 2.18 ± 0.15 nmol / ml,significantly different when compared with the baseline group and the group II (p≤0,05). Decreased levels of MDA in mice given dosage NKER hypercholesterolemia showed that nker preparations have antioxidant activity, which is owned by the highest antioxidant activity NKER dosage dose 100mg/KgBB. Keywords : Antioxidant, Nanoparticles, Roselle, malondialdehyd

Learning in Hybrid-Project Systems: The Effects of Project Performance on Repeated Collaboration

This study advances contingency theories of performance-outcome learning in hybrid-project systems, in which both project participants and superordinate organizations influence the formation of project ventures. We propose that performance-outcome learning depends on the perceived relevance of prior performance and on organizational control over project participants. We examine this framework using data on 239 U.S. movie projects from the years 1931-40. In keeping with our theory, higher project performance led to future collaborations with the same partners, contingent on prior collaborations, project similarity, and organizational control. Our findings imply distinct patterns of network evolution and unfolding adaptation of hybrid-project systems through slow-moving, local adjustments

Original Article

The employment of malaria therapy for neurosyphilis has been decreasing since penicillin and other antibiotics appeared and neurosyphilis patients decreased recently in their number. But malaria therapy is one of the most effective therapies for neurosyphilis still now. So we must find out how to keep alive malaria blood not in vivo, simply. The results were: 1) The temperature in which malaria blood was kept, decided its fate. The preservation under 4℃, -20℃ was not suitable to keep alive malaria blood long. 2) The solution in a ratio of 4 parts of malaria blood to I part of ACD solution (anti-coagulant) was added by 1.2 to 2.5 mol. amounts of glycerin and then freezing it rapidly at a temperature of -79℃, quick thawing and injecting it intramuscularly among 65 subjects, infection was accomplished sufficiently in 54 subjects with no malaria history. The storage period was 3-242 days. Its incubation period was 12 to 28 days and the average 14.6 days. At present, the longest preservation period is 242 days. In case of slight prolongation of incubation subsequent to long preservation and the parasites figures of smears of Giemsa method, there is possibility of longer preservation than 242 days which is the longest period at this time. This method is simple, practical for malaria preservation. In this case, the factors to determine whether the blood was effectable or not effectable concerned the numbers of parasites in the blood before frozen. 3) Although the freezing drying method did not succeed this time, its possibility can be expected by observing the reconstruction of malaria parasites in glycerin using example. 4) As author described above, glycerin acts effectively on frozen-keeping of malaria protozoa, too

Secondary outcomes with continuous BMI by sex.

BackgroundAlthough the paradoxical association between obesity and improved survival has been reported in a variety of clinical settings, its applicability to intensive care unit (ICU) outcomes in older critically ill patients remains unclear. We sought to examine the association between obesity and 30-day mortality and other adverse outcomes in this population.MethodsWe analyzed data of older patients (≥ 60 years) in the eICU Collaborative Research Database. Body mass index (BMI) was stratified according to the World Health Organization obesity classification. Logistic regression model was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs), and cubic spline curve was used to explore the nonlinear association between BMI and 30-day ICU outcomes. Stratified analysis and sensitivity analysis were also performed.ResultsCompared with class I obesity, under- and normal-weight were associated with higher all-cause, cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality, and class III obesity was associated with greater all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (OR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.06–1.32], 1.28 [1.08–1.51]). Obesity classes II and III were associated with higher composite all-cause mortality, mechanical ventilation, or vasoactive drug usage risks (OR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.04–1.20], 1.33 [1.24–1.43]). Mechanical ventilation was strongly positively associated with BMI. A significant BMI-by-sex interaction was observed for cardiovascular mortality, such that the association between severe obesity and mortality was more pronounced among older men than older women.ConclusionsThe obesity paradox does not appear to apply to short-term ICU outcomes in older patients with critical illness, mainly due to increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in severely obese patients, particularly in men.</div

Secondary outcomes with categorical BMI.

BackgroundAlthough the paradoxical association between obesity and improved survival has been reported in a variety of clinical settings, its applicability to intensive care unit (ICU) outcomes in older critically ill patients remains unclear. We sought to examine the association between obesity and 30-day mortality and other adverse outcomes in this population.MethodsWe analyzed data of older patients (≥ 60 years) in the eICU Collaborative Research Database. Body mass index (BMI) was stratified according to the World Health Organization obesity classification. Logistic regression model was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs), and cubic spline curve was used to explore the nonlinear association between BMI and 30-day ICU outcomes. Stratified analysis and sensitivity analysis were also performed.ResultsCompared with class I obesity, under- and normal-weight were associated with higher all-cause, cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality, and class III obesity was associated with greater all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (OR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.06–1.32], 1.28 [1.08–1.51]). Obesity classes II and III were associated with higher composite all-cause mortality, mechanical ventilation, or vasoactive drug usage risks (OR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.04–1.20], 1.33 [1.24–1.43]). Mechanical ventilation was strongly positively associated with BMI. A significant BMI-by-sex interaction was observed for cardiovascular mortality, such that the association between severe obesity and mortality was more pronounced among older men than older women.ConclusionsThe obesity paradox does not appear to apply to short-term ICU outcomes in older patients with critical illness, mainly due to increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in severely obese patients, particularly in men.</div

Multivariable adjusted odds ratios for primary outcomes by age, sex and BMI.

All-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and noncardiovascular mortality by categorical BMI and ages 60–69, 70–79, and ≥80 years among overall population, men and women. Outcomes were adjusted for all predefined covariates except stratified variables.</p

Cox proportional hazards model.

BackgroundAlthough the paradoxical association between obesity and improved survival has been reported in a variety of clinical settings, its applicability to intensive care unit (ICU) outcomes in older critically ill patients remains unclear. We sought to examine the association between obesity and 30-day mortality and other adverse outcomes in this population.MethodsWe analyzed data of older patients (≥ 60 years) in the eICU Collaborative Research Database. Body mass index (BMI) was stratified according to the World Health Organization obesity classification. Logistic regression model was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs), and cubic spline curve was used to explore the nonlinear association between BMI and 30-day ICU outcomes. Stratified analysis and sensitivity analysis were also performed.ResultsCompared with class I obesity, under- and normal-weight were associated with higher all-cause, cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality, and class III obesity was associated with greater all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (OR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.06–1.32], 1.28 [1.08–1.51]). Obesity classes II and III were associated with higher composite all-cause mortality, mechanical ventilation, or vasoactive drug usage risks (OR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.04–1.20], 1.33 [1.24–1.43]). Mechanical ventilation was strongly positively associated with BMI. A significant BMI-by-sex interaction was observed for cardiovascular mortality, such that the association between severe obesity and mortality was more pronounced among older men than older women.ConclusionsThe obesity paradox does not appear to apply to short-term ICU outcomes in older patients with critical illness, mainly due to increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in severely obese patients, particularly in men.</div

Excluding patients with cancer.

BackgroundAlthough the paradoxical association between obesity and improved survival has been reported in a variety of clinical settings, its applicability to intensive care unit (ICU) outcomes in older critically ill patients remains unclear. We sought to examine the association between obesity and 30-day mortality and other adverse outcomes in this population.MethodsWe analyzed data of older patients (≥ 60 years) in the eICU Collaborative Research Database. Body mass index (BMI) was stratified according to the World Health Organization obesity classification. Logistic regression model was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs), and cubic spline curve was used to explore the nonlinear association between BMI and 30-day ICU outcomes. Stratified analysis and sensitivity analysis were also performed.ResultsCompared with class I obesity, under- and normal-weight were associated with higher all-cause, cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality, and class III obesity was associated with greater all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (OR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.06–1.32], 1.28 [1.08–1.51]). Obesity classes II and III were associated with higher composite all-cause mortality, mechanical ventilation, or vasoactive drug usage risks (OR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.04–1.20], 1.33 [1.24–1.43]). Mechanical ventilation was strongly positively associated with BMI. A significant BMI-by-sex interaction was observed for cardiovascular mortality, such that the association between severe obesity and mortality was more pronounced among older men than older women.ConclusionsThe obesity paradox does not appear to apply to short-term ICU outcomes in older patients with critical illness, mainly due to increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in severely obese patients, particularly in men.</div

Outcomes with BMI below or above inflection point.

Outcomes with BMI below or above inflection point.</p

STROBE checklist.

BackgroundAlthough the paradoxical association between obesity and improved survival has been reported in a variety of clinical settings, its applicability to intensive care unit (ICU) outcomes in older critically ill patients remains unclear. We sought to examine the association between obesity and 30-day mortality and other adverse outcomes in this population.MethodsWe analyzed data of older patients (≥ 60 years) in the eICU Collaborative Research Database. Body mass index (BMI) was stratified according to the World Health Organization obesity classification. Logistic regression model was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs), and cubic spline curve was used to explore the nonlinear association between BMI and 30-day ICU outcomes. Stratified analysis and sensitivity analysis were also performed.ResultsCompared with class I obesity, under- and normal-weight were associated with higher all-cause, cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality, and class III obesity was associated with greater all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (OR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.06–1.32], 1.28 [1.08–1.51]). Obesity classes II and III were associated with higher composite all-cause mortality, mechanical ventilation, or vasoactive drug usage risks (OR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.04–1.20], 1.33 [1.24–1.43]). Mechanical ventilation was strongly positively associated with BMI. A significant BMI-by-sex interaction was observed for cardiovascular mortality, such that the association between severe obesity and mortality was more pronounced among older men than older women.ConclusionsThe obesity paradox does not appear to apply to short-term ICU outcomes in older patients with critical illness, mainly due to increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in severely obese patients, particularly in men.</div