Re-Emargence of Susceptibility to Conventional First Line Drugs in Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi a Isolated from Enteric Fever Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Northern Bangladesh.

Enteric fever is endemic in Bangladesh and involves significant health care cost. The first-line drugs chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole have not been the part of empirical therapy for decades due to development of multidrug resistant Salmonella strains. The objective of this study was to determine the antibiogram pattern of Salmonella strains isolated from the blood of clinically suspected enteric fever patients. A cross sectional study was conducted in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital & Dhaka Medical College from August 2014 to July 2015. Total 323 blood samples were collected from suspected enteric fever patients and isolation rate of Salmonella was 9.29% [S.typhi (3.41%), and S.paratyphi A (5.88%)]. Among isolated S.typhi, 9.09% were resistant to chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole and cefixime and there were no S.typhi resistant to azithromycin and cefotaxime. Among the isolated S.paratyphi A, 5.26% were resistant to chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, azithromycin, cefotaxime, and cefixime. There were no ceftriaxone resistant Salmonella. Low proportion of resistance to first line antibiotics (chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole) suggests that these drugs can be used once again. Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2017; 11 (1): 3-

Residual Effects of Organic Manures with Different Levels of Chemical Fertilizers on Rice

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the residual effects of organic manures and different level of recommended fertilizer dose (RFD) on the yield and nutrient uptake of BBRI dhan29 at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. The experiment containing seven treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were T0 (Control), T1 (100% RFD), T2 (75% RFD + residual effect of CD 5 t ha⁻¹), T3 (75% RFD + residual effect of PM 3 t ha⁻¹), T4 (75% RFD + residual effect of residual effect of Com. 5 t ha⁻¹), T5 (75% RFD + residual effect of CD 2.5 t ha⁻¹, PM 1.5 t ha⁻¹, and Com 2.5 t ha⁻¹) and T6 (50% RFD + residual effect of CD 2.5 t ha⁻¹, PM 1.5 t ha⁻¹, and Com. 2.5 t ha⁻¹). The manures viz. cowdung (CD), poultry manure (PD) and compost (Com.) was applied to the previous crop (T. Aman rice). The recommended doses of fertilizers were used to supply N, P, K and S @ 140, 15, 60 and 15 kg ha⁻¹, respectively to the present crop. Residual effects of organic manure with inorganic fertilizers significantly increased the yield attributes as well as grain and straw yields of rice. Treatment T6 (50% RFD + residual effect of CD 2.5 t ha-1, PM 1.5 t ha⁻¹, and Com. 2.5 t ha⁻¹) produced the highest grain yield (6.87 t ha⁻¹) and straw yield (7.24 t ha⁻¹). The lowest grain yield (3.22 t ha⁻¹) and straw yield (4.55 t ha⁻¹) were found in T0 (Control) treatment. Further, it was observed that T2 (75% RFD + CD 5 t ha⁻¹) performed better compared to T3 (75% RFD + PM 3 t ha⁻¹) and T4 (75% RFD + Com 5 t ha⁻¹) in exerting residual effects. The NPKS contents and uptake were markedly influenced by residual effects of manures and fertilizers. Therefore, treatment T6 receiving 50% RFD along with the residual effect of 2.5 t ha⁻¹cowdung, 1.5 t ha⁻¹ poultry manure and 2.5 t ha⁻¹ 1 compost was found to be the best combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers for obtaining the maximum yield of BRRI dhan2

Distribution of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase producing Acinetobacter baumannii in patients with ventilator associated respiratory tract infection

Background and objectives: Ventilator-associated respiratory tract infection (VARTI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among the critically ill patients of intensive care units (ICU). Acinetobacter baumannii, an important offending pathogen in VARTI, has been found to be resistant to several antibiotics including carbapenems. The present study was conducted to determine the rate of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) producing A. baumannii causing VARTI among the patients admitted in an ICU of a large tertiary care hospital. Methods: The study was conducted from July 2013 to June 2014. Endotracheal aspirates (ETA) were collected from patients with clinically suspected VARTI. Samples were collected from patients who were on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours. ETA samples were cultured aerobically and isolated A. baumannii were tested for susceptibility to carbapenem. Presence of NDM-1 encoded by the blaNDM-1 gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: A total of 138 VARTI cases were included in the study. Total 107 (77.5%) bacteria were isolated from 138 ETA samples of which 38 were A. baumannii. Out of 38 isolated A. baumannii, 35 (92.1%) were resistant to imipenem/meropenem and 33 (86.8%) were positive for blaNDM-1 gene by PCR. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that high proportion of A. baumannii isolated from VARTI cases in ICU were carbapenem resistant and blaNDM-1 positive. Careful infection control program should be considered to contain the spread of this multi-resistant organism to other hospital and community. IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 37-4

Identification of Bacterial Isolates from Endotracheal Aspirate of Patients in Intensive Care Unit and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

Background: Nosocomial infections have been discussed as a critical issue among intubated patients leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Tracheal colonization of different bacteria may be responsible for added or superinfections and may increase the risk of mortality. Irrational use of antibiotics also increases the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the bacterial isolates in the endotracheal aspirates of ICU patients and to see the pattern of antibiotic susceptibility. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on 40 specimens of endotracheal aspirates which were collected from ICU patients of Dhaka Medical College Hospital. All the specimens were processed and cultured on MacConkey and blood agar media. The isolated organisms were identified by different biochemical tests. Results: Among the 40 specimens, 38 (95%) yielded growths of different bacteria. Of them, Acinetobacter baumanni were 13 (34%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 6 (16%), Klebsiella pneumoniae were 3 (8%), Klebsiella oxytoca were 3 (8%) and Staphylococcus aureus were 3 (8%). All the isolated bacteria were sensitive to colistin and most of the Acinetobacter baumanni were resistant to different antibiotics. Among the 32 isolated gram-negative bacteria, 10 (31.25%) were ESBL producers. Conclusion: Most of the bacteria showed antibiotic resistance to different common antibiotics, which is very alarming for the ICU patients