The evolution of International banking in USA

The movement toward globalization of world economy and banks is continuing ever more rapidly. The main subject of this article is the experience of the evolution of international banking in USA as within so out of the country.В статье раскрывается суть и основные формы одного из направлений современной тенденции глобализации мировой економики — эволюции международного банковского дела. Объектом исследования является исторический опыт США в вопросе допуска иностранного капитала в национальную экономику, а также развитие международных операций американских банков

Development Trends and Dynamics of Industrial Specialization in Russian Regions

Relevance. The study of the industrial structure of regional economies has gained relevance amid shifting geopolitics and unprecedented sanctions, prompting the need for economic restructuring, product/sector substitution, and the exploration of new growth opportunities at national and regional levels.Research objective. This study evaluates the dynamics of industrial specializations in Russian regions and their role in ensuring stable regional economic development. The hypothesis is that there is a direct link between the resilience of the regional economic system and its industrial specializations. Here, resilience refers to the territory's ability to minimize the negative impacts of external shocks and threats and restore its economic level during a specified adaptation period.Data and method. The focus of this study is  industrially developed regions whose economies rely predominantly on manufacturing. The study uses Rosstat data on shipped goods, performed works, and services from 2019 to 2022. Data cleansing involves removing the inflationary component using producer price indices. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index is used for the sectors in the "C. Manufacturing" category of OKVED2 (All-Russian Classifier of Economic Activities).Results. The study identifies regional variations in industrial specialization levels and progression, categorizing regions into diversified and specialized. We found the transformation of the economic structure in the majority of the examined regions and identified the "new" and "departed" sectors of industrial specialization. Resilience to crises is analyzed, revealing three groups of regions based on their resilience levels. Key industries driving regional development are also identified.Conclusions. Analysis of industrially developed regions uncovers unique structural transformations, offering valuable insights for regional policymakers. Future research avenues may involve refining socio-economic profiles based on industrial specialization and formulating government measures to support industrial development

Marcher ensemble : expérience dans le paysage, de la spatialité à l’expérience commune

Cet article présente une recherche en cours sur l’expérience individuelle et collective au sein des projets artistiques de marche collective dans le paysage. Ces projets interrogent le lien entre un vécu personnel et collectif et le rôle de la marche dans cette présence au monde collective. En partant du corpus recueilli et de son analyse, nous tentons de comprendre la nature de ce qui surgit dans un groupe de marcheurs. Le lien que cette expérience entretient avec le paysage traversé donne une certaine vision des présences collectives sur un territoire. Le point de départ est la notion de la spatialité en tant qu’unité du sentir et du se mouvoir qui reflète l’expérience immédiate du participant à ces projets. Toutefois, en supposant qu’une telle expérience soit d’ordre subjectif, les manières dont une expérience collective advient sont questionnées.This article presents an ongoing study on the individual and collective experience in artistic projects involving group walks in landscapes. These projects question the relationship between the individual and group experience and the role of the walk in a collective context. From the material gathered and studied, the objective is to try to understand the nature of what emerges among a group during a walk. The relationship such an experience establishes with the landscape the group walks through provides a view of collective presences in a given area. The point of departure is the notion that spatiality may be considered in terms of a unity of sensing and movement reflecting the experience of the participants in these projects. However, assuming that such an experience is subjective, the different manners in which a collective experience occurs are also considered

German Youth Language: Word-Formation Types of Suffix Nouns and Their Semantic Relations

The article is devoted to the study of word-formation types in modern German youth slang and a description of their systemic paradigmatic relations. The research material was a large group of suffix nouns, presented in the dictionaries of youth slang, as well as on youth literature sites. The suffix nouns formed by the word-formation type “producing basis + suffix” are analyzed in the article. The deep connections of motivating and motivated units are revealed, which reflect the logic of the connections of objects of reality in the linguistic consciousness, and the implementation of these relations in word-formation types is also traced. As a result of the analysis of word-formation meanings in the group of German nouns, which are youth slangisms constructed according to the “base + suffix” model, 4 main word-formation types were identified. The analysis proves that the thematic associations of the same word-formation type are in a variety of paradigmatic relationships, which at the lexical level are manifested in the form of synonymy, hypo- and hyperonymy, antonymy and polysemy. The word-formation types of suffix nouns studied in this work allowed to conclude that the intra-type and inter-type semantic relations are manifested most variably in the lexical-semantic field “Human designation”

Peptides of the innate immunity as potential anticancer agents: pros and cons

Surgical resection was the main approach to cancer therapy, often supplemented by radiation and chemotherapy. The effectiveness of such complex treatment in many cases remains low. In this regard, there is an urgent need to search for new compounds that have selective cytotoxic activity against tumor cells and do not damage normal tissues of the organism. The review discusses mechanisms of antitumor action of cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of the cathelicidin family - human α-helical cathelicidin (LL-37), and a peptide with β-hairpin conformation – protegrin-1 (PG-1) on lung, breast, pancreas, prostate, squamous skin cancer cells, oral cancer, stomach, ovarian, colorectal cancer, melanoma, leukemia, lymphoma, glioma and neuroblastoma cells. An opportunity of antitumor and pro-oncogenic actions of the peptides and an interplay of these effects with mmunomodulatory action of AMPs on tumor-associated macrophages, natural killer cells and T-lymphocytes is discussed. Possible mechanisms of LL-37 and PG-1 selective action upon tumor cells are presented, including the interaction of LL-37 with G-protein-coupled receptors: the N formylpeptide-2 receptor (FPR2), CXC chemokine-2 (CXCR2), Mas-related gene X2 (MrgX2), purinergic (P2Y11), epidermal (EGFR/ErbB1, ERBb2), insulin-like (IGF1R) growth factors, ligand-gated ion channels (LGIC) and Tolllike (TLR) receptors, with expression varying significantly in different types of tumors, as compared to normal tissues. An increase in the level of LL-37 secretion and expression of its CAMP gene are associated with progression of lung adenocarcinoma, breast, pancreas, and prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, melanoma, and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. In contrast, CAMP expression and LL-37 secretion are significantly reduced in gastric cancer cells, oral squamous cell cancer, colorectal cancer, leukemia, lymphomas, gliomas, and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma. Therefore, therapeutic effects of LL-37 can only be used for specific types of tumors. The mechanisms of action of PG-1 on tumor cells are still poorly understood, although the available data indicate that protegrin exhibits a more unidirectional effect, i.e., it damages cell membranes. Protegrin-1 and LL-37 can synergistically enhance the antitumor effects of chemotherapy drugs and have a more pronounced effect on tumor cells, than upon normal cells. Natural AMPs appear to be promising candidates for the role of new antitumor agents, which are also active against malignant metastatic, recurrent multidrug-resistant tumors. On the other hand, peptides such as LL-37, in some cases, exhibit properties that can be considered pro-oncogenic, which indicates a need for further detailed studies on the molecular mechanisms of their action on tumor cells

Основные этапы формирования SMART-специализации российских регионов

Received March 11, 2021; accepted May 31, 2021.Дата поступления 11 марта 2021 г.; дата принятия к печати 31 мая 2021 г.Relevance. The development of modern mechanisms for state regulation of regional processes, including those related to investment support for certain industries (e.g. the Spatial Development Strategy in Russia), requires a research-informed choice of “priority” specializations. At the same time, such choice should meet the requirement of resilient economic development of these regions if the development of these specializations is supported on the national level. Research objective. The goal of this study is to assess the current structure of the Russian regions’ economy. We aim to identify the regions that have a specialization and thus can ensure resilient development and transition to smart specialization. Data and methods. The study proposes a methodological approach to identify the region’s smart specialization. The approach is based on the calculation of indicators that characterize the regions’ industries according to Russia’s national classifier of types of economic activity (OKVED2). Regions with pronounced industrial specialization are thus identified. The methodological approach has been tested by using statistical data for 84 regions. Results. 43 regions with industrial, export-oriented and extractive specialization were identified. We revealed nine regions that had sufficient prerequisites for the transition to smart specialization and 11 regions that need to strengthen their knowledge-intensive component. Conclusion. The resulting list of Russian regions that can act as pioneer territories for the introduction of structural changes into the practice of state regulation can be of interest to policy-makers.Актуальность. Развитие современных механизмов государственного регулирования региональных процессов, в том числе, касающихся вопросов инвестиционной поддержки определенных отраслей в рамках Стратегии пространственного развития, требует научно обоснованного выбора «приоритетных» специализаций регионов РФ. При этом их перечень должен отвечать требованию устойчивого экономического развития регионов в случае если данные специализации действительно получат государственную поддержку и начнут усиливаться. Целью настоящего исследования является оценка сложившейся структуры экономики регионов Российской Федерации, направленная на выявление регионов, имеющих специализацию, позволяющую обеспечить их региональное устойчивое развитие, а также имеющих предпосылки к переходу на смарт-специализацию. Данные и методы. Разработан методический подход к идентификации этапа формирования смарт-специализации региона, основанный на расчете показателей локализации отраслевых разделов по данным ОКВЭД2, обеспечивающего устойчивое развитие его экономики. Методика позволяет выявить регионы, имеющие ядро специализации, а также определить из их числа территории, обладающие наибольшей предрасположенностью к инновационным трансформациям. Предложенный авторами методологический подход апробирован с использованием статистических данных по 84 регионам России. Результаты. В результате исследования были выявлено 43 субъекта Федерации с ядром специализации, имеющие отраслевую, экспортоориентированную и экстрактивную специализацию. Идентифицировано 9 регионов, имеющих полностью сформировавшиеся предпосылки к эволюционному переходу на смарт-cпециализацию экономики, а также 11 территорий, которым для эффективного перехода на смарт-специализацию необходимо усилить наукоемкую составляющую. Выводы. Полученный перечень субъектов Федерации, которые на сегодняшний день могут выступить пионерными территориями для внедрения в практику государственного регулирования структурных изменений в экономике с позиции инновационного и высокотехнологического развития может найти применение в практике работы государственных органов власти.The research was conducted in execution of the state assignment of the Ministry of Science of the Russian Federation to the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания Минобрнауки РФ Института экономики УрО РАН

Immunomodulatory and neurotropic activities of synthetic peptides in a model of brain injury in rats

Treatment of consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the current problems of medicine. To increase the effectiveness of treatment of post-traumatic complications, various drugs are recommended, including the peptide with neuromodulatory activity Semax.The present study aims to determine the presence of neuro- and immunoprotective properties of the synthetic peptide PR5, composed of fragments of proline-rich antimicrobial peptides.The work was performed on male Wistar rats weighing 300-350 g. The “falling weight” model of mechanical brain injury was used, which mainly causes diffuse brain damage. The synthesized peptide PR5, composed of fragments of known proline-rich peptides of animal neutrophils, and the peptide preparation Semax in the form of a 1% aqueous solution were used. The drugs were administered intranasally 1 hour after TBI, then twice a day for 4 days at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. Control animals received physiological saline in the same regimen as the peptide preparations.TBI led to a significant decrease in body weight, but in rats receiving the peptide preparation Semax, the decrease in body weight was significantly less than in control animals, and the PR5 preparation completely prevented the decrease in body weight after TBI. After TBI, the proliferative activity of lymphocytes was suppressed and the cytotoxicity of NK cells decreased. In animals treated with peptide preparations, there was no significant suppression of NK cell cytotoxicity, and the proliferative activity of lymphocytes was restored to the level of control animals by day 14 after TBI. Both peptide preparations used contributed to higher locomotor activity, and in animals treated with the PR5 peptide, this type of activity reached the parameters of control animals. The reduction in freezing duration in groups treated with peptide preparations indicates the presence of a sedative effect.The peptide preparation PR5 was active in this series of experiments, showing immunotropic and neuroprotective activity comparable to the Semax preparation. Further studies aimed at confirming the identified types of activity of the peptide preparation PR5 may justify its prospects for clinical use as a new nootropic agent

Morphological and agronomic characteristics of winter rye cultivars in connection with their resistance to lodging

Background. Lodging resistance of winter rye is associated with morphological features of the stem. Searching for source material to breed non-lodging high-yielding cultivars requires studying the varietal phenotypic diversity according to morphological characters of the stem that affect the resistance to lodging and the productivity of the ear.Materials and methods. Experiments were carried out in 2017–2020 at the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East (FARC North-East), Kirov. Field resistance to lodging, morphological characteristics of the stem, yield, and ear productivity were evaluated in 16 winter rye cultivars. The study was based on the International COMECON List of Descriptors for the Genus Secale L., and Methodology for the State Variety Trials of Agricultural Crops. The weight of segments of the second lower internodes was measured in 10 plants of each cultivar under laboratory conditions.Results and conclusions. Negative correlations of lodging resistance with stem length (r= –0.55) and the weight of the second lower internode (r = –0.65) were revealed. Ear productivity of rye cultivars was significantly associated with the wall thickness (r = 0.52) and the length of the second lower internode (r = –0.52). According to the results of the path analysis, the main causes of a decrease in lodging resistance were the weight of the segment (P = –0.467) and the length of the second lower internode (P = –0.408), while an increase was connected with the wall thickness of the second lower internode (P = 0.424). The cultivars differed significantly in their resistance to lodging (LSD05 = 0.8). Cvs. ‘Moskovskaya 12’, ‘Tatyana’, ‘Bylina’ and ‘Yantarnaya’ were identified; they are recommended as source material for breeding for lodging resistance