41 research outputs found

    Effect of cerebrolysin on motor function restoration during medical rehabilitation

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    Ischemic stroke (IS) is characterized by high prevalence, mortality, and disability rates. Therapy aimed to correct one biochemical or molecular stage of ischemic cell injury fails to treat stroke, suggesting that it is necessary to study multimodality therapy affecting several related pathophysiological components.The paper gives the January 2016 results of the randomized placebo-controlled multicenter study CARS that demonstrates the positive effect of cerebrolysin versus placebo according to the primary efficiency criterion, the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) scale, and total outcome 90 days after disease onset. The investigation enrolled mainly patients with moderate or severe IS (the mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 9 at baseline).The specific features of the CARS study versus those of other clinical trials of neuroprotectors were the initial planning of narrower end criteria of efficiency (arm motor function recovery whereas the major goal of many investigations was to reduce mortality rates), as well as a standardized rehabilitation program in both treatment groups. Such investigations did not previously take into account the nature and volume of rehabilitation measures although the latter may have a substantial impact on the outcome of stroke.The CARS study is the first among the previously conducted clinical trials of neuroprotectors, which has attained the primary objective (to restore motor function), which opens up fresh opportunities for the medical support of rehabilitation measures in patients with IS

    Problems of Selecting an Anticoagulant for Secondary Stroke Prevention in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

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    The article describes the urgent problem of ischemic stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. It is proved that ischemic stroke in combination with AF is the most severe in terms of developing stable motor and speech disorders and disability. The frail older patients, as well as patients with swallowing disorders and reduced medical adherence present a special problem from this point of view. The most famous clinical studies on secondary prevention of cardioembolic stroke are RE-LY, ROCKET-AF, and ARISTOTLE. Based on subanalyses of randomized controlled trials, direct oral anticoagulants demonstrated a favorable efficacy profile in patients with atrial fibrillation and stroke/ transient ischemic attack, but the level of knowledge on each of them remained different. A number of advantages of rivaroxaban for primary and secondary prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation, including the elderly and patients with cognitive impairments and swallowing disorders, have been demonstrated. Β© 2021 Vserossiiskoe Obshchestvo Kardiologov. All rights reserved.Relationships and Activities. This publication was supported by AO Bayer (PPM_RIVRU00581)

    ΠžΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ заболСвания ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ риска ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°

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    Background. Acute cerebrovascular accidents in general, and ischemic stroke (IS) in particular, are multifactorial diseases with extremely heterogeneous and numerous risk factors. Currently, despite the development of diagnostic technologies, in approximately 25% of patients with IS, it is not possible to establish the causes and mechanism of its development (the so-called cryptogenic stroke (CS)). As a result, the optimal antithrombotic therapy as a secondary prevention in this group of patients remains unclear. It was found that in 10–20% of patients with CS, a detailed examination reveals oncological disease (OD). It is highly likely that the prevalence of OD-related IS will increase. The US National Cancer Registry has shown a decrease in mortality in patients with the most common forms of OD (lung, breast and prostate cancer). Active OD is a proven risk factor for both IS and other thrombotic events. Nevertheless, about 50% of IS in patients with OD are classified as cryptogenic, which significantly exceeds this indicator in patients without OD. This is associated with the difficulties of intravital diagnosis of the pathogenetic mechanism of IS in patients with OD.Aim of study. Raising the awareness of neurologists about the causes, pathogenetic mechanisms of development and methods of diagnosing IS in patients with OD.Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, the results of scientific research on OD as a risk factor for CS were analyzed. The literature search was carried out in electronic search engines Scopus, eLibrary, PubMed by keywords: ischemic stroke, cryptogenic stroke, cancer, pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Scientific articles published between 1856 and 2021 were selected for analysis, 45% of the analyzed papers on the topic of CS were published not earlier than 5 years ago.Conclusion. The cause of the development of ischemic stroke can be both the oncological process itself and the means and methods of treating it. Despite the fact that in 10–20% of patients with cryptogenic stroke OD is diagnosed, the question remains whether patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke should be screened for latent oncological pathology, and if so, how full should the screening be. Typical radiological patterns of ischemic stroke in patients with OD are multiple foci of acute cerebral ischemia in different vascular areas, which may indicate a cardioembolic nature and, in particular, non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Lifetime diagnosis of the causes of cryptogenic stroke in patients with OD is extremely difficult. Since nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis is one of the leading causes of cryptogenic stroke in the setting of cancer, it is advisable to perform transesophageal echocardiography due to the low sensitivity of transthoracic echocardiography.Β ΠΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ. ΠžΡΡ‚Ρ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ кровообращСния Π² Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈ ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ (ИИ) Π² частности, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΌΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΠΈΡ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ заболСваниями с Ρ‡Ρ€Π΅Π·Π²Ρ‹Ρ‡Π°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ Π³Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ многочислСнными Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ риска. Π’ настоящСС врСмя, нСсмотря Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ диагностичСских Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Ρƒ 25% ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с ИИ Π½Π΅ удаСтся ΡƒΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ развития Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΉ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ (КИ)), Π² Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅ Ρ‡Π΅Π³ΠΎ остаСтся нСясной ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ антитромботичСская тСрапия Π² качСствС Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² этой Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ². УстановлСно, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρƒ 10β€”20% ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с КИ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ обслСдовании Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ онкологичСскоС Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (ΠžΠ—). Π’Π΅ΡΡŒΠΌΠ° вСроятно, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ИИ, связанного с ΠžΠ—, Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ. ΠΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ онкологичСский рСгистр БША ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» сниТСниС Π»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Ρƒ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ распространСнными Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠžΠ— (Ρ€Π°ΠΊ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ…, Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΈ простаты). АктивноС ΠžΠ— являСтся Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ риска ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ИИ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… тромботичСских событий. Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 50% ИИ Ρƒ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с ΠžΠ— ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ Ρƒ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π±Π΅Π· онкологичСской ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ связано со слоТностями ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ диагностики патогСнСтичСского ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ИИ Ρƒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… с ΠžΠ—.ЦСль Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹. ΠŸΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ информированности Π²Ρ€Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΠΉ-Π½Π΅Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ…, патогСнСтичСских ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°Ρ… развития ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… диагностики ИИ Ρƒ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с ΠžΠ—.ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. Для достиТСния поставлСнной Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… исслСдований, посвящСнных ΠžΠ— ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρƒ риска КИ. Поиск Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² элСктронных поисковых систСмах Scopus, eLibrary, PubMed ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΠΌ словам: ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚, ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚, онкологичСскоС Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π· ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°. Для Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ с 1856 ΠΏΠΎ 2021 Π³ΠΎΠ΄. 45% ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚, посвящСнных Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ КИ, ΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 5 Π»Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄.Π—Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ развития ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ сам онкологичСский процСсс, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ срСдства ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ лСчСния Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. НСсмотря Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρƒ 10β€”20% ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ онкологичСскоС Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π² настоящСС врСмя остаСтся ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚Ρ‹ΠΌ вопрос, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ с ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ скрининг Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡŽ, ΠΈ Ссли Π΄Π°, Ρ‚ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ объСмС. Π’ΠΈΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ радиологичСскими ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π° Ρƒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… с онкологичСскими заболСваниями ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ мноТСствСнныС ΠΎΡ‡Π°Π³ΠΈ острой Ρ†Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π±Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ишСмии Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… сосудистых бассСйнах, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΌΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΈ Π² частности Π½Π΅Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ тромботичСский эндокардит. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ диагностика ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π° Ρƒ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с онкологичСской ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΡ€Π°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ слоТна. Π’Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π° Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΅ онкологичСского заболСвания являСтся Π½Π΅Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ тромботичСский эндокардит, цСлСсообразно Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ чрСспищСводной эхокардиографии Π² связи с Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ‡ΡƒΠ²ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ эхокардиографии.

    The role of smoking in the development of strokes at a young age

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    Stroke in young patients is a disease based on a number of known specific non-modifiable factors (extracranial artery dissection, thrombophilia, open oval hole, etc.) and modifiable factors (alcohol abuse, drug use, smoking, etc.), in combination leading to the development of pathology. Smoking is a generally recognized modifiable risk factor for stroke, which is directly proportional to the number of tobacco-containing products smoked. Quitting smoking is the basis of prevention, an integral part of the treatment and rehabilitation of stroke patients. If it is impossible to completely give up smoking combustible cigarettes, it is advisable to switch to alternative smokeless products. This article presents the results of current studies on the comparative assessment of the risk of stroke in young people when using combustible cigarettes and smokeless analogues

    Evaluation of Synthetic Conditions for H3PO4 Chemically Activated Rice Husk and Preparation of Honeycomb Monoliths

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    Activated carbons in this work were prepared from rice husk by phosphoric acid activation followed by alkaline desilication. Pseudo-random selection of 16 rice husk samples was subjected to carbonization at the following conditions: 0.5 to 2 h of activation time, 300-600 ºБ and Н3РО4/precursor (wt/wt) impregnation ratio of 0.5 to 2. Concentration of NaOH desilication solution varied from 0.5 to 2M. It was found that out of the four factors impregnation ratio is clearly the strongest and at the impregnation ratio of 2 for 1 h at 500 °C N2 BET-surface area reaches 1690 m2/g (SBET (Ar)=2492 m2/g) while pore volume becomes 1.95 cm3/g. Elemental analysis showed highest carbon content for this sample (87.96%). All samples have insignificant amount of Si and traces of metals, but considerable amount of phosphorus. Blocks of honeycomb structure prepared from Ca-montmorillonite and desilicated carbonized rice husk (impregnation ratio is 1.5, 1 h at 600 ºC) have BET-surface area obtained by thermal desorption of argon up to 856 m2/g

    Unsolved Issues of Atherosclerosis Prevention and of Adequate Lipid-lowering Therapy in Patients with Acute Ischemic Cerebrovascular Accident

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    The existing system of medical care for patients with acute cerebrovascular accident of atherothrombotic genesis, namely lipid metabolism disorders, the modern evidence base for lipid-lowering therapy in this category of patients and the feasibility of interdisciplinary interaction of cardiologists and neurologists were discussed at a meeting of the expert council of cardiologists and neurologists in Moscow on 2021 July 7

    Этиология ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°

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    Ischemic stroke is a heterogeneous syndrome with a plurality of potential etiological factors. The routine diagnosis does not always allow the cause of acute cerebrovascular accident to be found, in such cases we talk about cryptogenic ischemic stroke, which incidence is 20-40%. The category of patients with cryptogenic stroke was first characterized and assigned to a separate group in the database of the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke in the USA, and later in the TOAST study. The diagnosis of cryptogenic stroke is usually based on the exclusion of well-known causes of acute cerebrovascular accidents, such as atherosclerosis, cardiac arrhythmias, arterial hypertension. Due to the considerable variability of concepts for cryptogenic stroke, the term ESUS (Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source) appeared in 2014 and formulated criteria which accurately characterized these patients: non-lacunar cerebral infarction by CT and/or MRI, no atherosclerotic lesion stenosing a stroke-associated artery of more than 50%, no sources of high-risk cardioembolism, no other causes of stroke such as dissection of the artery supplying the area of infarction in the brain, migraine, arteritis. Among the potential causes and sources of cerebral embolism in patients with cryptogenic stroke are heart, veins of lower extremities and pelvis, nonstenosing atherosclerosis of brachiocephalic artery, atheroma of aortic arch, paradoxical embolism non-atherosclerotic vasculopathy, monogenic diseases, hypercoagulable states, and others. We should note that there is a lot of studies on the possible causes of cryptogenic stroke in the available literature, but no common approach to classification of etiologic factors and examination algorythms were developed. The high incidence of cryptogenic stroke, the significant heterogeneity of its etiopathogenetic mechanisms and the need for differentiated approaches to the secondary prevention of this type of acute cerebrovascular accident determine the relevance of further studies in this field.Π˜ΡˆΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ являСтся Π³Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ синдромом с мноТСством ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… этиологичСских Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ². Рутинная диагностика Π½Π΅ всСгда позволяСт ΡƒΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ острого Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ кровообращСния (ОНМК), Π² Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… случаях принято Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π΅, частота ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ составляСт 20–40%. ΠšΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° ΠΎΡ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡƒ Π² Π±Π°Π·Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ института нСврологичСских Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π° БША, Π° впослСдствии Π² исслСдовании TOAST. Π”ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ· ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, базируСтся Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠΎ извСстных ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ ОНМК, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ атСросклСроз, Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌΠ° сСрдца, Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ гипСртСнзия. Π’ связи со Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ понятия ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π° Π² 2014 Π³. Π±Ρ‹Π» Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠ½ ESUS (Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source β€” эмболичСский ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ с нСустановлСнным источником) ΠΈ сформулированы ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²: Π½Π΅Π»Π°ΠΊΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΊΡ‚ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŒΡŽΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΎ-рСзонансной Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ, отсутствиС атСросклСротичСского пораТСния, ΡΡ‚Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡŽ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π° 50%, отсутствиС источников кардиоэмболии высокого риска, отсутствиС Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ диссСкция Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΊΡ‚Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π°, ΠΌΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π΅Π½ΡŒ, Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈΡ‚. Π‘Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ источников Ρ†Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π±Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ эмболии Ρƒ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ рассмотрСны сСрдцС, Π²Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ… конСчностСй ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°Π·Π°, Π½Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ атСросклСроз Π±Ρ€Π°Ρ…ΠΈΠΎΡ†Π΅Ρ„Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΉ, Π°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ Π΄ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ Π°ΠΎΡ€Ρ‚Ρ‹, ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ эмболия, нСатСросклСротичСская васкулопатия, ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ заболСвания, гипСркоагуляционныС состояния ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π² доступной Π½Π°ΠΌ Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π΅ имССтся большоС количСство исслСдований, посвящСнных описанию Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΊ систСматизации этиологичСских Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π° обслСдования ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ‚ΡΡƒΡ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚. Высокая частота развития ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°, Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ Π³Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΅Π³ΠΎ этиопатогСнСтичСских ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° ОНМК ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡΠ»Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡˆΠΈΡ… исслСдований ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ
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