Measurement of Out-of-plane Dynamic Deformations by Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry

In this paper, measurement of dynamic deformations in a rectangular plate fixed at one end, using digital speckle pattem interferometry (DSPI), has been prese,nted. To improve the measurement accuracy,a new filtering scheme has been developed. This scheme is based on the combination of average/ median filtering and Symlet wavelet filtering which enhances the signal-to-noise ratio in the speckleinterferogram obtained from the DSPI. Experimental results show that this filtering scheme is quite effective in improving signal-to-noise ratio of the speckle .interferogram. The measurements by DSPIand accelerometer are in good agreement. The DSPI technique can be implemented for measuring the large deformations as well

Application of Atomic Force Microscopy in Organic and Perovskite Photovoltaics

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become widely used technique in air, liquids, or vacuum to generate high-resolution topographic images of a surface having a nanometer-scale resolution. AFM gives the information about the morphology, phase composition etc. Photovoltaic materials have been attracting intense interest due to their performance and the morphology as well as quality of these materials affects their performance. AFM is now a day widely used technique for morphology and other electronic properties measurements at nanoscale for photovoltaic materials to understand their relation with device performance. This chapter describe the brief introduction of Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and conducting atomic force microscopy (CAFM) and their application in electrical characterization at nanoscale of organic and perovskite photovoltaic materials

Applications of Digital Holographic Interferometry in Heat Transfer Measurements from Heated Industrial Objects

Digital holographic interferometry (DHI) is used worldwide for many scientific and industrial applications. In DHI, two digital holograms; one in the reference/ambient state of the object and another in changed state of object are recorded by electronic imaging sensors (such as CCD/CMOS) as reference holograms and object holograms, respectively. Phase of object wavefronts in different states of the object is numerically reconstructed from digital holograms. The interference phase is reconstructed by subtracting the phase of reference hologram from the phase of object hologram, without performing any phase-shifting interferometry. Thus, no extra effort is needed in DHI for calculating the interference phase. Apart from direct reconstruction of interference phase from two digital holograms, the recent development, availability of recording devices at video rate, and high-performance computers make the measurements faster, reliable, robust, and even real-time. In this chapter, DHI is presented for the investigation of temperature distribution and heat transfer parameters such as natural convective heat transfer coefficient and local heat flux around the surface of industrial heated objects such as cylindrical wires and heat sinks

Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering: Introduction and Applications

Scattering of light by molecules can be elastic, Rayleigh scattering, or inelastic, Raman scattering. In the elastic scattering, the photon’s energy and the state of the molecule after the scattering events are unchanged. Hence, Rayleigh scattered light does not contain much information on the structure of molecular states. In inelastic scattering, the frequency of monochromatic light changes upon interaction with the vibrational states, or modes, of a molecule. With the advancement in the laser sources, better and compact spectrometers, detectors, and optics Raman spectroscopy have developed as a highly sensitive technique to probe structural details of a complex molecular structure. However, the low scattering cross section (10−31) of Raman scattering has limited the applications of the conventional Raman spectroscopy. With the discovery of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in 1973 by Martin Fleischmann, the interest of the research community in Raman spectroscopy as an analytical method has been revived. This chapter aims to familiarize the readers with the basics of Raman scattering phenomenon and SERS. This chapter will also discuss the latest developments in the SERS and its applications in various fields

Measurement of temperature profile of two-dimensional slot burner using a lau phase interferometer with linear gratings.

We have investigated the utility of a Lau phase interferometer with linear gratings and white light source to measure the temperature and temperature profile of a flame produced by a slot burner used in an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The temperature values measured using a Lau phase interferometer and a thermocouple and multilogger are in good agreement. The effect of aspirating water through a nebulizer on the temperature profile and details of theoretical analysis and experimental investigations are also presented

Agronomic Evaluation of Heat Tolerant Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivars under Late Sown Conditions

A field experiment entitled “Agronomic evaluation of heat tolerant chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under late sown conditions” was carried out during Rabi, 2022 in sandy clay loam soils of college farm at Agricultural College, Jagtial. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design and replicated thrice. The treatments included six dates of sowing viz., November 1st, November 15th December 1st, December 15th, January 1st and January 15th in main plots and three varieties viz., JG 14, NBeG-3 and NBeG-47 in sub plots. The outcome of the research revealed that crop sown on1st November showed significantly higher plant height (51.7 cm), dry matter production (477 g m-2) and yield attributes like number of branches plant-1 (8.9), number of pods plant-1 (27.9), seed yield (2265 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (5479 kg ha-1) yield compared to other dates of sowing but it was also statistically on par with crop sown on 15th November for most of the parameters. Significantly, the lowest growth parameters and yield attributes was noticed for crop sown on 15th January. Among three varieties plant height was significantly highest with NBeG-47 (51.1 cm) due to its genetic character however, significantly higher dry matter production (403.8 g m-2), yield attributes like number of branches plant-1 (8.1), number of pods plant-1 (23.9), seed yield (1898 kg ha-1), haulm yield (4432 kg ha-1) and harvest index (30%) was recorded with NBeG-3 which in turn on par with NBeG-14 for most of the characters

Impact of Tillage and Nitrogen Management Practices on Growth and Yield of Rabi Maize (Zea mays L.)

A field experiment was conducted in sandy loam soils of Agricultural Research Station, Karimnagar during Rabi, 2022 in a split-plot design with three replications. Main plots includes three tillage practices viz., Zero tillage, Reduced tillage and Conventional tillage and sub plots includes three nitrogen levels viz., 75 %N, 100%N and 125%N. The results revealed that, maize cultivation under conventional tillage recorded significantly higher grain yield (8324 kg ha-1) which is statistically on par with reduced tillage treatment (7775 kg ha-1). In turn reduced tillage was statistically comparable to zero-tillage treatment (7353kg ha-1). Among different nitrogen levels examined, maize sown with 125% N application achieved significantly highest grain yield (8055 kg ha-1). This yield was statistically comparable to grain yield observed with 100% N application (7896 kg ha-1). While, significantly lowest grain yield (7501 kg ha-1) was recorded with 75% N application. Significantly highest grain yield in conventional tillage which is statistically on par with reduced tillage and among nitrogen levels, highest grain yield with 125%N which is on par with 100% N may attributed to increase in crop growth parameters viz., plant height, leaf area index and higher yield attributes viz., cob length and diameter, kernel rows number. The study concludes that maize cultivation with conventional tillage or reduced tillage results in higher grain yield. Concerning different nitrogen levels, higher grain and economic yield was obtained with 100% N application