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Not AvailableGermplasm characterization is a pre-requisite for their conservation and utilization in breeding programme. We used cpSSR markers for the first time to identify a set of polymorphic microsatellite loci and analysis of genetic diversity within mango genotypes. The present study was aimed to assess the intraspecific relationships among 28 diverse mango genotypes using uniparental and haploid chloroplast SSR (cpSSR) marker. A total of 27 alleles were identified with an average of 1.5 allele per locus. Seven out of 18 primer pairs showed polymorphic bands with a number of alleles ranging from one to three. The genotypes studied revealed significant levels of cpDNA genetic diversity. Shannon diversity index and gene diversity varied, from 0.07-0.32 and 0.34-0.95 respectively. Marker index and resolving power were ranged 0.04- 2.14 and 0.07-1.71. cpSSR markers are suitable for characterization and assessment across diverse mango genotypes and there is small difference in the genetic diversity with the species. Results indicated that two mango cultivars (Sukul and Himsagar) were found to be far distant of the genetic relationship from the other cultivars. Analysis of overall diversity of mango genotypes revealed the less intraspecies diversity (40%). This low intraspecific diversity is due to high degree of gene flow in population through random mating without barrier. The information of this work will be useful for selection and more efficient utilization of mango germplasm in breeding programs in the future.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableGermplasm characterization is a pre-requisite for their conservation and utilization in breeding programme. We used cpSSR markers for the first time to identify a set of polymorphic microsatellite loci and analysis of genetic diversity within mango genotypes. The present study was aimed to assess the intraspecific relationships among 28 diverse mango genotypes using uniparental and haploid chloroplast SSR (cpSSR) marker. A total of 27 alleles were identified with an average of 1.5 allele per locus. Seven out of 18 primer pairs showed polymorphic bands with a number of alleles ranging from one to three. The genotypes studied revealed significant levels of cpDNA genetic diversity. Shannon diversity index and gene diversity varied, from 0.07-0.32 and 0.34-0.95 respectively. Marker index and resolving power were ranged 0.04- 2.14 and 0.07-1.71. cpSSR markers are suitable for characterization and assessment across diverse mango genotypes and there is small difference in the genetic diversity with the species. Results indicated that two mango cultivars (Sukul and Himsagar) were found to be far distant of the genetic relationship from the other cultivars. Analysis of overall diversity of mango genotypes revealed the less intraspecies diversity (40%). This low intraspecific diversity is due to high degree of gene flow in population through random mating without barrier. The information of this work will be useful for selection and more efficient utilization of mango germplasm in breeding programs in the future.Not Availabl

Socio- demographic correlates of overweight and obesity among adults in rural Meerut

Background:  Obesity is most common nutritional disorder in developed countries and is assuming significant dimensions in developing countries. Objectives:  To find out the prevalence of overweight and obesity in adults aged 18 years and above and socio-demographic factors affecting overweight and obesity in rural population of Meerut. To suggest measures for prevention of overweight and obesity in adults population of rural Meerut. Material and Methods:  In present community based cross sectional study 1382 individuals aged 18 years and above were covered from 400 families spread over 5 villages with the help of systemic random sampling in rural area of Meerut District. The Individuals were interviewed and examined personally using Pre-designed and Pre-tested Questionnaire. Results:  Out of 1382 individuals 244 (17.7%) were having BMI ≥ 25. Prevalence of obesity in females (22%) was found more than males (13.8%). Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity increased with advancing age, maximum being in age group 50-59 years (22.2%). Maximum numbers of males (19.9%) were overweight in their most productive life (30 -39 years) whereas maximum females were overweight in their menopausal decade i.e. 40-49 years (32.8%). Overweight was more in persons who were married (18.9%), professional/Technical person (33.3%), Savarna upper caste (23.1%), belonging to high standard of living index (21.0%), person living in joint families (18.2%), and Alcoholics (18.6%) while smokers were having lower prevalence of overweight (10.6%). Conclusion: The prevalence of Overweight and Obesity is increasing in adult population of rural area. Various socio-demographic correlates are affecting the prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Rural population

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Not AvailableAppreciable intra cultivar variation has warranted clonal selections, which has emerged as an important tool in mango breeding. This important source of morphological variability manifested in altered fruit and quality attributes has yielded improved clones in India and abroad, few of which were exposed to SSR based analysis. Statistical parameters viz., Polymorphic Information Content (0.319 in MiIIHR12 to 0.819 for MiIIHR26) and Gene Diversity (0.399 in MiIIHR12 to 0.839 for MiIIHR26), defined the ability of the chosen SSR markers to discriminate the intra cultivar variability, besides highlighting the extent of diversity captured by the improved clones. Furthermore, genetic relationship among the clones derived by Wards minimum variance, placed Himsagar and Langra clones in Cluster I and II respectively, Himsagar recording high genetic heterogeneity within its cluster, intra cultivar variability being 0.16-0.916, thus showing suitability for breeding by clonal selections. Even the use of limited SSR marker loci (6), could reveal and document the genomic variations accounting for the variations in the Dashehari clones as well as placing land race ‘Suraiyya’, as an out-group. The sampled clones of elite variety Chausa did not show any variation at the studied marker loci, thus exposing limited heterogeneity in the clones and demanding more explorations for breeding superior types targeting regularity in bearing.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableGermplasm characterization is a prerequisite for conservation and utilization in breeding programmes. SSR markers were used to identify a set of polymorphic microsatellite loci and analysis of genetic diversity within mango cultivars. The present study was aimed to assess the intra-specific relationships among 37 diverse mango cultivars using 20 SSR markers. A total of 176 alleles were identified with an average of 8.8 allele per locus. About 19 primer pairs showed polymorphic bands with a number of alleles ranging from 2 to 18. Shannon diversity index and PIC varied in the ranges of 0.11–0.80 and 0.05–0.49, respectively. Marker index and resolving power ranged in the classes of 0.32–5.54 and 0.16–2.7, respectively. SSR markers are suitable for characterization and assessment across diverse mango cultivars and there is small difference in the genetic diversity with the species. Analysis of overall diversity of mango cultivars revealed the high intraspecies diversity (70%) between monoembryonic and polyembryonic mango cultivars. This high intraspecific diversity is due to low gene flow in population. The information of this research will be useful for selection and more efficient utilization of mango germplasm in breeding programs in the future.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableMango fruit is cherished by masses for its taste and nutrition, contributed by color, flavor, and aroma. Among these, peel color is an important trait contributing to fruit quality and market value. We attempted to elucidate the role of key genes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway related to fruit peel color from the leaf transcriptome of mango cultivar Amrapali. A total of 108 mined transcript sequences were assigned to the phenylpropanoid–flavonoid pathway from which 15 contigs representing anthocyanin biosynthesis genes were annotated. Alternate splice variants were identified by mapping against genes of Citrus clementina and Vitis vinifera (closest relatives) and protein subcellular localization was determined. Phylogenetic analysis of these pathway genes clustered them into distinct groups aligning with homologous genes of Magnifera indica, C. clementina, and V. vinifera. Expression profiling revealed higher relative fold expressions in mature fruit peel of red-colored varieties (Arunika, Ambika, and Tommy Atkins) in comparison with the green-peeled Amrapali. MiCHS, MiCHI, and MiF3H alternate splice variants revealed differential gene expression. Functionally divergent variants indicate availability of an allelic pool programmed to play critical roles in peel color. This study provides insight into the molecular genetic basis of peel color and offers scope for development of biomarkers in varietal improvement programs.Not Availabl

The Economic Burden of Self-Reported and Undiagnosed Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes on Indonesian Households

<div><p>Objectives</p><p>The goal of this study is: (1) to estimate the current direct out-of-pocket (OOP) and indirect non-communicable diseases (NCD) burden on Indonesian households and (2) to project NCD prevalence and burden in 2020 focusing specifically on hypertension, diabetes, heart problems and stroke.</p><p>Methods</p><p>This study relies on econometric analyses based on four waves of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS).</p><p>Results</p><p>In aggregate, of the NCDs studied, heart problems exert the greatest economic burden on households, costing Int$1.56 billion in OOP and indirect burden in 2010. This was followed by hypertension (Int$1.36 billion), diabetes (Int$0.81 billion) and stroke (Int$0.29 billion). The OOP and indirect burden of these conditions is estimated to be Int$4.02 billion. Diabetes and stroke are expected to have the largest proportional increases in burden by 2020; 56.0$1.27 billion and Int$0.45 billion respectively. The burden of heart problems in 2020 is expected to increase by 34.4$2.09 billion and hypertension burden will increase by 46.1% to Int$1.99 billion. In 2020, these conditions are expected to impose an economic burden of Int$5.80 billion.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>In conclusion, this study demonstrates the significant burden of 4 primary NCDs on Indonesian households. In addition to the indirect burden, hypertension, diabetes, heart problems and stroke account for 8% of the nation's OOP healthcare expenditure, and due to rising disease prevalence and an aging population, this figure is expected to increase to 12% by 2020 without a significant health intervention.</p></div

Sample demographics (n = 10,795).

<p>Sample demographics (n = 10,795).</p

Sample prevalence of risk factors and NCDs from IFLS and Riskesdas.

§<p>Household were sampled from the entire Republic of Indonesia.</p

Annual per capita NCD burden in 2007/08 by type of disease and disease awareness.

<p>SR Self-reported; UD Undiagnosed.</p><p>Two-tailed significance test from zero were performed. P-values below 5% is indicated with an asterisk.</p>†<p>Sum of out-of-pocket expenditures for outpatient, inpatient and self-treatment rounded to the nearest Int$10.</p>§<p>Sum of monetized indirect burden, rounded to the nearest Int$10. Each day of lost primary activity was valued at the average expected daily wage (Int$3.86) and each of hour of required assistance valued at the hourly market rate for paid assistance (Int$0.34).</p>‡<p>Sum of direct and indirect burdens, rounded to the nearest Int$10.</p>#<p>A percentage of mean annual household income among each NCD status.</p