SIMULTANEOUS RP-HPLC ANALYSIS OF QUERCETIN AND KAEMPFEROL IN DIFFERENT PLANT PARTS OF CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS

Objective: To develop a simple, rapid and specific reversed phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method for comparative analysis of flavonoids, quercetin and kaempferol, in different plant parts (leaves, stem and roots) of Cissus quadrangularis Linn.Methods: The HPLC method which can be used effectively for separation of components from plants has been developed to perform a comparative analysis of flavonoids, quercetin and kaempferol, in different plant parts (leaves, stem and roots) of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. An endcapped C18 column at 370 nm, and water: acetonitrile (45:55) containing 0.1% o-phosphoric acid as mobile phase was used.Results: Quercetin and kaempferol were well resolved at about 5 min and 7 min respectively. Calibration curves for quercetin and kaempferol were linear in the range of 1-10 µg/ml (R2= 0.999) and 0.5-10 µg/ml (R2= 0.999) respectively. The sensitivity of the method was found to be higher, with a limit of detection (LOD) values of 0.42 μg/ml for kaempferol and 0.48 μg/ml for quercetin and limit of quantification (LOQ) values for kaempferol and quercetin 1.27 μg/ml and 1.47 μg/ml respectively. Percentage recovery values for kaempferol were found to be 99.18, 99.03 and 98.32 for the leaves, stem and root respectively, and for quercetin, they were 99.77, 100.12 and 100.54 for the leaves, stem and root respectively.Conclusion: The developed HPLC method for the analysis of flavonoids has enabled rapid, accurate and reproducible determination. The method can be applied successfully for analysis of quercetin and kaempferol in various plant parts of C. quadrangularis.Keywords: Cissus quadrangularis, HPLC, Kaempferol, Querceti

Thermal Conductivity Improvement in Carbon Nanoparticle Doped PAO Oil: An Experimental Study

The present work involves a study on the thermal conductivity of nanoparticle-oil suspensions for three types of nanoparticles, namely, carbon nanotubes(CNTs), exfoliated graphite (EXG), and heat treated nanofibers (HTT) with PAO oil as the base fluid. To accomplish the above task, an experimental analysis is performed using a modern light flash technique (LFA 447) for measuring the thermal conductivity of the three types of nanofluids, for different loading of nanoparticles. The experimental results show a similar trend as observed in literature for nanofluids with a maximum enhancement of approximately 161% obtained for the CNT-PAO oil suspension. The overall percent enhancements for different volume fractions of the nanoparticles are highest for the CNT-based nanofluid, followed by the EXG and the HTT. The findings from this study for the three different types of carbon nanoparticles can have great potential in the field of thermal management

Carbon Nanoadditives to Enhance Latent Energy Storage of Phase Change Materials

Latent energy storage capacity was analyzed for a system consisting of carbon nanoparticlesdopedphase changematerials (PCMs). Three types of samples were prepared by doping shell wax with single wall carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs), multiwall CNTs, and carbon nanofibers. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to measure the latent heat of fusion. The measured values of latent heat for all the samples showed a good enhancement over the latent heat of pure wax. A maximum enhancement of approximately 13% was observed for the wax/SWCNT composite corresponding to 1% loading of SWCNT. The change in latent heat was modeled by using an approximation for the intermolecular attraction based on the Lennard-Jones potential. A theoretical model was formulated to estimate the overall latent energy of the samples with the variation in volume fraction of the nanoparticles. The predicted values of latent energy from the model showed good agreement with the experimental results. It was concluded that the higher molecular density of the SWCNT and its large surface area were the reasons behind the greater intermolecular attraction in the wax/SWCNT composite, which resulted in its enhanced latent energy. The novel approach used to predict the latent heat of fusion of the wax/nanoparticle composites has a particular significance for investigating the latent heat of PCM with different types of nanoparticle additives

Experimental Study on the Influence of Foam Porosity and Pore Size on the Melting of Phase Change Materials

Experimental study was carried out to study the phase change heat transfer within a composite of phase change material (PCM) infiltrated high thermal conductivity foam. An experimental setup was built to measure the temperature profiles and capture the melting evolution of the PCM inside aluminum foams. Aluminum foams were used as the porous material, and low melting temperature paraffin wax was used as the PCM. It was observed from the results that the system parameters of the wax/foam composite had a significant influence on its heat transfer behavior. By using higher porosity aluminum foam, the steady-state temperature was reached faster as compared to the foams with lower porosity. Similarly for the bigger pore size foams the steady state was attained faster as compared to the smaller pore size foams. This was due to the greater effect of convection in both the higher porosity and bigger pore size foams. However, for the lower porosity foams the heater temperature was comparatively lower than the higher porosity foams due to greater heat conduction through the foam material. Therefore, an optimal value should be selected for the foam porosity and pore size such that the effects of both conduction and convection heat transfers can be completely utilized to have a greater and improved thermal performance for the wax/aluminum foam composite

Interfacial and Capillary Pressure Effects on the Thermal Performance of Wax/Foam Composites

A numerical investigation study was performed to study the phase change behavior of wax/foam composite encapsulated in an aluminum casing. Two types of foam materials, namely, aluminum and carbon, were infiltrated with paraffin wax. The progress of melt interface and temperature distribution within the encapsulated composite was analyzed using computational fluid dynamics software (CFD). A two-energy equation model was implemented in the CFD software through the use of user-defined function (UDF). Interfacial effects influencing the heat transfer process at the casing-composite junction and between the wax-foam surfaces within the composite were addressed through the use of separate UDF. In addition, the effect of capillary pressure developed within the foam matrix was incorporated using an area ratio parameter. The contact resistance at the foam-casing interface and the capillary pressure had a major influence on the thermal behavior of the system. These two factors lowered the heat transfer rate considerably, and the melting area was reduced by more than 30%. The temperature profiles for the foam material showed a different pattern as compared to the temperature within the wax, which was due to the effect of thermal nonequilibrium

Factors affecting secure software development practices among developers- an investigation

An evidently dominate problem in the software development domain is that software security is not consistently addressed from the initial phase of software development which escalates security concerns, results in insecure software development. Several secure software development methodologies were introduced in literature and recommended to the industry but they are usually ignored by the developers and software practitioners. In this research paper, an extensive literature review is performed to find out factors influencing implementations of secure software development practices in industry. Secondly, based on Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model 2 (UTAUT2) this study proposes a model to investigate the factors influencing adoption of secure software development practices among software developers

AN OPEN-LABEL RANDOMIZED CLINICAL STUDY OF TOPICAL NANOPARTICULATE ANTIPSORIATIC POLYHERBAL CREAM

Objective: Objective of the study was to investigate the safety, efficacy, and antipsoriatic activity of topical cream enriched with Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) of Azadirachta indica, Lawsonia inermis, and Mallotus philippensis through the controlled clinical study. Methods: The randomized controlled trial was performed for 12 months on 65 adult patients between the age group 20 and 60 years of either sex of diagnosed, uncomplicated cases of psoriasis Vulgaris. The Test group received a local application of the herbal antipsoriatic NLC enriched cream, while the Control group was treated with Clobetasol propionate 0.05% cream twice daily for 3 months. Both groups were assessed for parameters of skin and nail examinations, lab investigation, and Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score. The data were analyzed and interpreted statistically. Results: Significant improvement in itching and PASI score was seen during successive visits in both groups. However, recurrence of mild itching and erythema in a few patients of the control group was seen after 2 weeks, whereas no such recurrence is seen in the test group. Statistically significant reduction in eosinophilia in the control group was observed before and after treatment. The efficacy of clobetasol in the control group and the prepared formulation in the test group both show statistical efficacy at par. Conclusion: The data suggest that the NLC enriched cream exhibited significant relief in all the symptoms of psoriasis and therefore can be used as a potent antipsoriatic agent due to the easy availability of the drugs and cultural affinity for herbal formulations

Finite Element Analysis and Machine Learning Guided Design of Carbon Fiber Organosheet-based Battery Enclosures for Crashworthiness

Carbon fiber composite can be a potential candidate for replacing metal-based battery enclosures of current electric vehicles (E.V.s) owing to its better strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. However, the strength of carbon fiber-based structures depends on several parameters that should be carefully chosen. In this work, we implemented high throughput finite element analysis (FEA) based thermoforming simulation to virtually manufacture the battery enclosure using different design and processing parameters. Subsequently, we performed virtual crash simulations to mimic a side pole crash to evaluate the crashworthiness of the battery enclosures. This high throughput crash simulation dataset was utilized to build predictive models to understand the crashworthiness of an unknown set. Our machine learning (ML) models showed excellent performance (R2 > 0.97) in predicting the crashworthiness metrics, i.e., crush load efficiency, absorbed energy, intrusion, and maximum deceleration during a crash. We believe that this FEA-ML work framework will be helpful in down select process parameters for carbon fiber-based component design and can be transferrable to other manufacturing technologies

Information technology (IT) based intervention among individuals with ASD (autism spectrum disorder): A review

The aim of this article is to provide systematic analysis of studies using ICT (information and Communication Technology) tools as intervention. These tools are categorized into two categories: (a) assessment tools and (b) Intervention tools. This review gives a brief description about the technological features and the functionality related to it. The intervention tools assist in enhancing cognitive and social abilities of the individual with ASD. Here we try to identify the latest advancement by reviewing these related articles and recommend future direction of extended research work