The association of painful and non-painful morbidities with frailty: a cross sectional analysis of a cohort of community dwelling older people in England

IntroductionThe association between chronic pain and frailty might indicate that pain is an independent driver of frailty but might alternatively be explained by inclusion within frailty identification tools of morbidities that commonly lead to chronic pain. This research examines the extent to which the association of pain with frailty might be attributed to morbidities.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis of older people in a UK cohort with or at risk of musculoskeletal problems or frailty (Investigating Musculoskeletal Health and Wellbeing study), used multivariable logistic regression and Z-tests to assess the degrees of associations of pain (McGill Pain Rating Index), and painful and non-painful morbidity counts with frailty (modified FRAIL questionnaire).ResultsData were from 2,185 participants, 56% female, median age 73 (range 60 to 96) years. 430 (20%) participants were classified as frail. In a fully adjusted standardised model, pain (aOR 2.07 (95%CI 1.83 to 2.33) and ‘any’ morbidity aOR (1.74 (95%CI 1.54 to 1.97) were both significantly associated with frailty. When morbidity was subclassified as painful or non-painful, painful (aOR 1.48 (95%CI 1.30 to 1.68) and non-painful (aOR1.39 (95%CI 1.24 to 1.56)) morbidities each were associated with frailty, as also was pain (aOR 2.07 (95%CI 1.83 to 2.34, p < 0.001).ConclusionsPain is associated with frailty, over and above any effect of painful and non-painful morbidities. This forms the justification for future research which focuses on pain management in the identification, prevention, and treatment of frailty

Evaluation of Workers’ Exposure to Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI) in an Automobile Manufacturing Company, Iran

Evaluation of personal inhalation exposure to methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) among 39 employees, working in the window fixation and window glue processes in an automobile manufacturing company was performed. This study was conducted for both case and control groups. After sampling and sample preparation processes, MDI was determined with a UV-VIS spectrophotometer at 590 nm; the lung function was assessed with a digital spirometer, too. The average concentration of MDI in the window fixation, and window glue workplaces were 34.53 and 27.37 μg/m3, respectively, which was lower than the threshold limit value (TLV) recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (51 μg/m3). Respiratory symptoms in the exposed group were significantly different compared to the unexposed group (p < .05). Lung capacities in the case group were lower than in the control group (p < .05). Therefore, MDI can be easily measured making it possible to evaluate the adverse effects caused by occupational exposure

Separation and quantification of diazinon in water samples using liquid-phase microextraction-based effervescent tablet-assisted switchable solvent method coupled to gas chromatography-flame ionization detection

This study used a liquid-phase microextraction-based effervescent tablet-assisted switchable solvent method coupled to gas chromatography-flame ionization detection as an eco-efficient, convenient-to-use, cost-effective, sensitive, rapid, and efficient method for extracting, preconcentrating, and quantifying trace amounts of diazinon in river water samples. As a switchable solvent, triethylamine (TEA) was used. In situ generation of CO(2) using effervescent tablet containing Na(2) CO(3) and citric acid changed the hydrophobic TEA to the hydrophilic protonated triethylamine carbonate (P-TEA-C). CO(2) removal from the specimen solution using NaOH caused P-TEA-C to be converted into TEA and led to phase separation, during which diazinon was extracted into the TEA phase. The salting-out process was helpful in enhancing extraction efficiency. In addition, a number of significant parameters that affect extraction recovery were examined. Under optimum conditions, the limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.06 and 0.2 ng/ml, respectively. The extraction recovery percentage and pre-concentration factor were obtained at 95 and 190, respectively, and the precision (inter- and intra-day, relative standard deviation , n = 5) was <5

"EVALUATION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS RISK FACTORS AMONG THE CREW OF THE IRANIAN PORTS AND SHIPPING ORGANIZATION’S VESSELS"

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are important causes of work incapacity and loss of work days. MSDs are major problems in almost all countries and increasingly can be found in service industries such as maritime sector. This study aimed at evaluation of MSDs symptoms among crew of tugboats, dredgers, pilot boats and barges by using Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and also determination of work-related MSDs risk factors by application of Ovako Working Analysis Posture System (OWAS). The result showed that 28.4% of body postures rated in action category 3 and 4 of OWAS. It seems that OWAS cannot be used as a determination method of risk factors for all jobs. Also, the best and sometimes the only way to correct awkward postures is correction of worker&apos;s back position

The protective effect of rosemary in mitigating oxidative stress induced by Chlorpyrifos in rat kidney

Introduction: Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus insecticide that can produce reactive oxygen species, and oxidative stress in the kidney. On the other hand, rosemary extract is an antioxidant playing a protective role against free radicals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress in rat kidney due to the exposure to chlorpyrifos and to assess the antioxidant effect of two concentrations of 100 and 200 mg / kg rosemary extract on the nephrotoxicity caused by this pesticide. Material and method: In the current study, 30 male Wistar Rats, weighing 200-220 g were used. They were randomly divided into five groups and selected as the study groups, each group including six rats for further comparison. They were as following groupd: Group I: served as control (received dissilated water, i.p) , Group II: the chlorpyrifos exposure group (13.5 mg/kg, i.p.), Group Iii: the group exposed to rosemary extract (100 mg/kg) by gavage, Group IV: the exposure group with rosemary 100 mg/kg concentration (by gavage) and after 30 minutes exposure to chlorpyrifos (13.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and Group V: simultaneous exposure of rosemary 200 mg/kg concentration (by gavage) and after 30 minutes exposure to chlorpyrifos (13.5 mg/kg, i.p.). After 2 and 4 weeks, the rats were weighed and killed. A section of kidney tissue was examined for changes of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and another section was tested for histopathological alterations. Results: The results showed that chlorpyrifos significantly damaged the kidney tissue and altered the activity of GPx and MDA compared to the control group, as well as it damaged the kidney tissue. Moreover, the simultaneous exposure to chlorpyrifos and rosemary extract with concentration of 100 mg/kg significantly made modifications to the MDA and GPx levels. In addition, with the increasing of rosemary doses from 100 to 200 mg/kg, changes in the levels of MDA and GPx were closer to those of the control group. Conclusion: The rosemary extract can reduce the oxidative stress caused by chlorpyrifos and, therefore, can be used to treat the poisoning caused by this pesticide

The impact of mammalian reproduction on cancellous bone architecture

Pregnancy and lactation make demands on maternal calcium homeostasis which may affect bone strength. Recently, changes in cancellous architecture have been described in iliac crest bone biopsies from normal pregnant women but the rarity of such human material means an animal model is essential. The microanatomy of cancellous bone was compared in uniparous and multiparous rats using undecalcified histological sections of lumbar and caudal vertebrae and also proximal femora. An automated trabecular analysis system (TAS) measured a comprehensive range of structural variables including the trabecular number, connectivity and width. In the first pregnancy cycle an early stimulation of bone formation (which quadrupled at some sites) was indicated by an increase in the skeletal uptake and spacing of double calcein labels and the immediate generation of thicker more numerous and interconnected trabeculae. A 40% increase in cancellous bone volume was observed in the lumbar spine in comparison with age-matched virgin controls. In contrast, a rapid succession of 3 pregnancy cycles (including lactation) culminated in cancellous atrophy of 15% at the same site, with a loss in trabecular number ranging from 20% (caudal vertebra) to 30% (lumbar vertebrae). In comparison, the proximal femur lost 40% of its struts but, nevertheless, uniquely sustained its cancellous bone volume. When lactation was excluded the number of struts lost was halved although trabecular thinning then took place which was sufficient to maintain the previous 15% deficit in bone volume. It was concluded that a single pregnancy strengthens the cancellous component of the maternal skeleton while a quick succession of pregnancies weakens it. Lactation influences the pattern of bone loss but not its amount

Optimization of adsorption phenanthrene on the multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Introduction: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) belong to one of the groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which are the result of incomplete combustion of organic materials, volcanic eruptions and forest and agricultural fields’ fires in the environment. However, human factors are main source of these pollutions. Nowadays, these compounds are among the main concerns related to the pollutants which, can easily enter into the land and water systems. Absorption of aromatic hydrocarbons and poly-aromatic molecules on the surfaces of carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) have increased in recent years. In this study, absorption of phenanthrene (as a representative of aromatic hydrocarbons groups) on multi-walled carbon nano-tubes was investigated in organic environment. Material and Method: All experiments were performed in a laboratory environment with a temperature of 24±2.Different variables including the type of solvent, solvent volume, pH of the environment, the absorption time of optimal phenanthrene concentration, and the highest removal efficiency under optimized parameters were obtained. Samples were analyzed using HPLC. Result: Findings showed that methanol with the volume of 10 ml, and the absorption time of 1.5 hours and 1.3 ppm concentration had the maximum absorption efficiency. Environmental pH had no effect on the absorption efficiency. Conclusion: Multi-walled carbon nano-tubes have high absorption capacity for the absorption of phenanthrene. Moreover, in an organic environment, the level of phenanthrene absorption on multi-walled carbon nano-adsorbent was more than 90% and according to the material used was 92%. Day-to-day and within-day reproducibility confirmed the mentioned results

Evaluating Workers’ Exposure to Metalworking Fluids and Effective Factors in Their Dispersion in a Car Manufacturing Factory

Introduction. Metalworking fluids (MWFs), which are widely used in metalworking operations, can cause different adverse effects, e.g., dermal and respiratory disorders, and cancer. Evaluating workers’ exposure to MWF mists and the effective factors in their dispersion were the purpose of this study. Materials and Method. Seventy-five out of 300 workers working in metalworking workshops were randomly selected. MWF concentrations were measured with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 5524 method. Air temperature and velocity were also determined as the predicted effective parameters on the level of exposure. Results. The results indicated that exposure to MWF mists in one workshop was higher than in the other ones (p < .05). The findings also showed that temperature was an effective factor in the dispersion of MWF mists (p < .05). Discussion. The exposure of almost all workers was under the threshold limit value of 5 mg/m 3, but it was over the value recommended by NIOSH of 0.5 mg/m 3. Air temperature was an effective factor in workers’ exposure (r = .576)

Optimization of adsorption phenanthrene on the multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Introduction: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) belong to one of the groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which are the result of incomplete combustion of organic materials, volcanic eruptions and forest and agricultural fields’ fires in the environment. However, human factors are main source of these pollutions. Nowadays, these compounds are among the main concerns related to the pollutants which, can easily enter into the land and water systems. Absorption of aromatic hydrocarbons and poly-aromatic molecules on the surfaces of carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) have increased in recent years. In this study, absorption of phenanthrene (as a representative of aromatic hydrocarbons groups) on multi-walled carbon nano-tubes was investigated in organic environment. . Material and Method: All experiments were performed in a laboratory environment with a temperature of 24±2.Different variables including the type of solvent, solvent volume, pH of the environment, the absorption time of optimal phenanthrene concentration, and the highest removal efficiency under optimized parameters were obtained. Samples were analyzed using HPLC. .Result: Findings showed that methanol with the volume of 10 ml, and the absorption time of 1.5 hours and 1.3 ppm concentration had the maximum absorption efficiency. Environmental pH had no effect on the absorption efficiency. . Conclusion: Multi-walled carbon nano-tubes have high absorption capacity for the absorption of phenanthrene. Moreover, in an organic environment, the level of phenanthrene absorption on multi-walled carbon nano-adsorbent was more than 90% and according to the material used was 92%. Day-to-day and within-day reproducibility confirmed the mentioned results