Schematic overview of working-memory related activation patterns in PD and controls.

<p>Schematic summary of brain regions showing task- or load-related differences during the delayed recall condition representing memory - motor transformation.</p

Condition by group interaction.

<p>Condition by group interaction.</p

Reduced working memory related functional MRI results in PD compared to controls.

<p>Abbr.: kE: cluster size; x, y, z: MNI co-ordinates; PD, Parkinson's disease, HC healthy controls.</p

Functional working-memory related correlates in PD and controls during load-related modulation.

<p><b>A–B</b>) Regions showing significantly lower load-related modulation in PD during the encoding phase <b>A</b>) and delayed recall <b>B</b>). <b>C</b>) Regions showing significantly higher load-related modulation in PD relative to healthy controls during delayed recall. All significant effects are displayed on the MNI single subject template and the color bar represents T-values.</p

Increased working memory related activation in PD.

<p>Abrr.: kE: cluster size; x, y, z: MNI co-ordinates; PD, Parkinson's disease, HC healthy controls.</p

Functional working-memory related correlates in PD and controls during the encoding phase.

<p>Regions showing significantly lower activity (yellow) in PD relative to healthy controls during the encoding phase of the motor WM task. All significant effects are displayed on the MNI single subject template and the color bar represents T-values.</p

Functional working-memory related correlates in PD and controls during direct and delayed recall.

<p><b>A–C</b>) Regions showing significantly lower activity (yellow) in PD relative to healthy controls during <b>A</b>) direct recall and <b>B</b>) delayed recall. <b>C</b>) Regions showing significantly higher activity (blue) in PD relative to healthy controls during delayed recall. All significant effects are displayed on the MNI single subject template and the color bar represents T-values.</p

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the hemodialysis patients and healthy control groups.

<p>All data shown as mean (SD), except where noted. Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) corrected for dialysis patients and corrected for age in the control group. CV = Cerebrovascular; py = pack years; CKD = Chronic kidney disease. Other causes include progression of CKD due to post-operative infections, reflux diseases, analgesic medication.</p><p>Demographic and clinical characteristics of the hemodialysis patients and healthy control groups.</p

Quantitative brain water content maps.

<p>Axial slices of water content maps obtained from a representative HD patient (a) and from an age-matched healthy control (b). Differences between HD patients and healthy controls groups were assessed using non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test and are shown as an overlaid p-value map on a MNI template. Analyses of water content revealed increase of water content in predominantly white matter in HD patients compared to controls. Hereby, enhanced brain hydration was found in particular in the parietal cortex, followed by occipital and fronto-temporal regions (c). The color bar in a) and b) represents the water content in percent ranging from zero to hundred percent, the color bar in c) displays the p-values.</p

Association between brain water content and clinical parameters.

<p>Boxplots illustrating the association between water content in different focal subregions and clinical parameters. Fig 3A suggests that increased water content in several white and gray matter regions is associated with longer dialysis vintage. In Fig 3B the association between smaller intradialytic weight changes and increased water content in white and grey matter structures is shown.</p