Evaluation of Relation between HbA1c Level with Cognitive Disorders and Depression in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

BACKGROUND: The role of HbA1c level in cognition decline and depression in type 2 diabetic patients is reported in some studies. AIM: We evaluated the possible significant relationship between HbA1c level and cognition decline and depression in type 2 diabetic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This descriptive-analytic study was performed on 512 patients with a different HbA1c level and ages range. All subjects were administered a structured clinical interview. Cognitive functions and depressive disorders were assessed through the Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) respectively. Chi-square test was used for relationships between variables. RESULTS: HbA1c mean in all patients was 7.58%. MMSE score mean in total was 27.28. 83.3% of patients had a depressive disorder, and 8.59% of patients had an MMSE score < 24. There was no significant relationship between HbA1c level and cognitive problems, but there was a significant relationship between recent memory declines with the level of HbA1c (P = 0.03). Also, there was no significant relationship between attention-deficit with HbA1c level. CONCLUSION: Our finding provides that even though there is no significant difference between HbA1c level and cognitive problems and depression, recent memory state in these patients are more affected than the normal population and these patients have a worse state of depressive disorders

Prospective Acid Reflux Study of Iran (PARSI): Methodology and study design

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a common and chronic disorder but long term, prospective studies of the fate of patients seeking medical advice are scarce. This is especially prominent when looking at non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) patients.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We designed a prospective cohort to assess the long term outcome of GERD patients referring to gastroenterologists. Consecutive consenting patients, 15 years of age and older, presenting with symptoms suggestive of GERD referring to our outpatient clinics undergo a 30 minute interview. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is performed for them with protocol biopsies and blood samples are drawn. Patients are then treated according to a set protocol and followed regularly either in person or by telephone for at least 10 years.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Our data show that such a study is feasible and follow-ups, which are the main concern, can be done in a fairly reliable way to collect data. The results of this study will help to clarify the course of various subgroups of GERD patients after coming to medical attention and their response to treatment considering different variables. In addition, the basic symptoms and biological database will fuel further molecular epidemiologic studies.</p

Prospective Acid Reflux Study of Iran (PARSI): Methodology and study design-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Prospective Acid Reflux Study of Iran (PARSI): Methodology and study design"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-230X/7/42</p><p>BMC Gastroenterology 2007;7():42-42.</p><p>Published online 20 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2212633.</p><p></p> after one week. If patient is better with the previous prescription, patient should back to the previous dosage and continue till the next visit

Prospective Acid Reflux Study of Iran (PARSI): Methodology and study design-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Prospective Acid Reflux Study of Iran (PARSI): Methodology and study design"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-230X/7/42</p><p>BMC Gastroenterology 2007;7():42-42.</p><p>Published online 20 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2212633.</p><p></p> junction across the z-line, C: Cardia, D: Body, E: Antrum

Prospective Acid Reflux Study of Iran (PARSI): Methodology and study design-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Prospective Acid Reflux Study of Iran (PARSI): Methodology and study design"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-230X/7/42</p><p>BMC Gastroenterology 2007;7():42-42.</p><p>Published online 20 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2212633.</p><p></p>Presenting just by minor symptoms