To Correlate the Expression of KRAS and BRAF V600e with Histological Grades and Variants in Tissue Samples of Colorectal Carcinoma

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to correlate the expression of KRAS and BRAF V600E with histological grades and variants in tissue samples of colorectal carcinoma.METHODOLOGY In this cross-sectional study total of 51 cases of Colorectal cancer (CRC) were analyzed for immunohistochemical staining using KRAS and BRAF antibodies on representative tissue blocks. Clinical and pathological records were retrieved for the collection of data. The results of the immunohistochemical analysis were correlated with the recorded clinicopathological parameters.RESULTSFifty-one cases of CRC were analyzed for immunoexpression of KRAS and BRAF V600E. The age of the patients ranged from 14 to 85 years, with a mean age of 60.96 years. Among the 51 cases, 37(72.5%) cases were males and 14(27.4%) were females. 37(72.5%) were localized to left side colon and 14(27.4%) were found in the right colon. For KRAS immunostaining, 41(80.3%) out of 51 cases showed overexpression, while the remaining 10(19.6%) cases revealed negative expression. In the case of BRAF V600E, positive expression was seen in 20(39.2%) cases, whereas 31(60.7%) cases showed negative expression of BRAFV600E. A significant association was seen between KRAS overexpression and histological variants, i.e. glandular carcinomas.  CONCLUSIONOver-expression of KRAS was observed in advanced tumors. The presence of BRAF V600E mutation in the present study signifies the importance of BRAF V600E inhibitors as a potential alternate therapeutic tool in EGFR inhibitors and chemotherapy-resistant tumors

CURATION AND MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE THROUGH LIBRARIES

Libraries, museums and archives hold valuable collections in a variety of media, presenting a vast body of knowledge rooted in the history of human civilisation. These form the repository of the wisdom of great works by thinkers of past and the present. The holdings of these institutions are priceless heritage of the mankind as they preserve documents, ideas, and the oral and written records. To value the cultural heritage and to care for it as a treasure bequeathed to us by our ancestors is the major responsibility of libraries. The past records constitute a natural resource and are indispensable to the present generation as well as to the generations to come. Libraries preserve the documentary heritage resources for which they are primarily responsible. Any loss of such materials is simply irreplaceable. Therefore, preserving this intellectual, cultural heritage becomes not only the academic commitment but also the moral responsibility of the librarians/information scientists, who are in charge of these repositories. The high quality of the papers and the discussion represent the thinking and experience of experts in their particular fields. The contributed papers also relate to the methodology used in libraries in Asia to provide access to manuscripts and cultural heritage. The volume discusses best practices in Knowledge preservation and how to collaborate and preserve the culture. The book also deals with manuscript and archives issues in the digital era. The approach of this book is concise, comprehensively, covering all major aspects of preservation and conservation through libraries. The readership of the book is not just limited to library and information science professionals, but also for those involved in conservation, preservation, restoration or other related disciplines. The book will be useful for librarians, archivists and conservators. We thank the Sunan Kalijaga University, Special Libraries Association- Asian Chapter for their trust and their constant support, all the contributors for their submissions, the members of the Local and International Committee for their reviewing effort for making this publication possible

Microscopic colitis in a young male: Unveiling the Rarity

In recent decades, microscopic colitis (MC) has become increasingly recognized as a common contributor to diarrhea and lower gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly among the older demographic. The condition is distinguished by persistent diarrhea with loose watery stools, and endoscopic examination is typically normal with characteristic histopathologic findings. MC is rarely seen under 30 years of age and is less common in males. Our case highlights an exceedingly uncommon clinical setting as it involves a young male who was diagnosed with collagenous colitis. The diagnosis of MC can easily be missed by physicians during initial evaluation. Specifically in irritable bowel syndrome patients with diarrhea predominant symptoms, a colonoscopy should be performed and biopsies should be taken from the entire colon to rule out MC

E-Learning amid COVID-19 Pandemic: An Experience by medical students of Rawalpindi Medical University Pakistan

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of e-learning and hurdles confronted to the undergraduate medical students of Rawalpindi Medical University in continuation of academics during COVID-19 pandemic. Subjects & Methods: A survey was carried out during July 2020 to scrutinize the experience of 1041 medical students enrolled at Rawalpindi Medical University regarding their academic experience through Microsoft Teams. A self- structured questionnaire was digitally administered for this purpose to gather their responses about academic coverage, prior intimation about the lecture topic, opportunities for interaction with teachers, internet connectivity and various teaching methods employed by the teachers and recommendations for improvement. The data was analyzed by means of SPSS version 25.0. Percentages were computed for responses on all the variables. Results: Total 1041 medical students gave feedback regarding their e-learning through Microsoft Teams. Theoretical aspect coverage, prior intimation of topic to be covered and student-teacher interaction during online classes were satisfactory according to 68%, 85% and 61% of students respectively. About 70% respondents claimed frequent internet connectivity issues during e-learning while 63% found Microsoft Teams interface incompatible. Broad band internet connection at home was available to only 60.10% students. Most (25%) students wanted improvement in software for smooth execution of their e-learning. Conclusion: Although online learning proved as blessing in disguise amid COVID-19 pandemic but being new experience for both students and teachers some problems were faced that can easily be rectified