An Assessment of Soil/Land Erosion: Management and Conservation

Land degradation is an environmental threat to all natural ecosystems in India, including agricultural, forest, pasture, and human sustainability. It has severe impacts on agricultural and soil productivity, aquatic imbalance, damaged drainage networks, deterioration of water quality in rivers and reservoirs, infrastructure, and the environment. The soil structure, water systems, natural habitats, and ecosystem services are all adversely affected. Land degradations exacerbated by factors such as an expanding population, intensive agriculture, deforestation, overgrazing, and an increase in the need for wood for heating. Sheet and rill erosion are the primary causes of soil loss due to water erosion. Soil is a dynamic mixture of minerals and organic matter that either supports plant growth or has the ability to do so. Because of the complex interactions among parent material, climate, biology, slope, and time, soil formation is often considered a long-term endeavor in geology. The most important resource on Earth is soil, which serves as the foundation for life. The depletion and degradation of a fertile productive base are both consequences of soil erosion, which takes place at a much slower pace. Sustainable development can only be achieved through proper soil conservation and management. Identifying and describing the factors contributing to Land degradation in India is the focus of this research, which also seeks to demonstrate the severity of the problem. Third, to discuss the implications of Land degradation and actions taken in India to combat the problem of soil erosion

Impact of Air Pollution on Human Health in India

Natural and artificial environmental factors have combined to produce poor air quality in the majority of the world's megacities. Development countries face an even more acute and intricate problem with pollution in the air than industrialized nations. Emissions and trans boundary movement of air pollutants are two possible sources of control for pollution levels in the atmosphere. Each factor enters the atmosphere in a different way and has a varied effect on the environment. The issue that needs to be dealt with is figuring out how and where emissions come from. Air pollution is an important issue, but it's even more difficult to investigate and solve the patterns or chemistry of the most prevalent air pollutants. It is critical to locate the primary sources of air pollutants since secondary air pollutants can only be generated by these sources. Primary air pollutants, their nature, emission budgets, and their influence on environmental and human health are discussed in detail in this review, which aims to shed light on the basic principles of air pollution. In the end, some of the policies and regulations to reduce primary air pollutants are discussed

Physical and Ecological Impacts of Climate Change on Indian Economy

Every country on every continent is now affected by climate change. People, communities, and countries are paying a high price for it today, and it will get worse in the future. People are already feeling the effects of climate change, which include shifting weather patterns, increasing sea levels, and an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. More than any other group, those in need are being impacted the worst

Pollution Status of Indian River and Water Quality Parameters

A solution to the country's water dilemma is urgently required in the modern day. It is imperative that the country find a way to increase the amount of water that can be used for drinking. A steady supply of high-quality drinkable water is essential to achieving any kind of progress in the economy or in the political arena. As a result, it's obvious that river revitalization efforts should be spread out across the country. Furthermore, we will need to collect rainwater wherever it falls in order to ensure local water security and recharge each well. The present study looks at India's water resources from two angles: pollution in river basins and the necessity for river rejuvenation projects to be carried out in India. The results are mixed. For example, river rejuvenation and water resources in India have been harmed by pollution from numerous sources and types in river basins, so this is the basis for this proposal

Empirical Model for Landslides Susceptibility in the Himachal Pradesh

Many natural and man-made hazards affect Himachal Pradesh in India. Even though there are various dangers in the state, landslides are the most common and occur most frequently during the rainy season. Existing research aims to understand the current state of knowledge in Himachal Pradesh about the management of landslide hazards. Landslide disasters in the state are well managed under the state's established policy. Landslide susceptibility zonation maps prepared using GIS have been shown to be the primary method of preventing landslides, while geotechnical investigations of soil have been found to aid in the determination of possible mitigation techniques. Software like Plaxis 2d is proven to be extremely useful in analysing slopes and the effectiveness of solutions

Study on Environment Awareness and Culture Sustainability in India

Instead of following the cycle of over-exploitation of natural resources for development and then looking for ways to reduce its environmental impacts, India as a country can find the solutions to sustainable development by focusing on our roots of culture and lifestyle and moving forward on the path of development. There are various ways to reduce our carbon footprints simply by changing our current consumption and modern lifestyles and returning to our traditional ways of existence. Ancient Indian techniques of environmental conservation can help us better manage our natural resources now. For development to be complete, it must include the well-being and harmony of all living things on the planet as a whole. India's culture and way of life provide a variety of strategies to promote sustainable development. This study will examine several traditional Indian practises for environmental conservation and their relevance and practicality in today's era of environmental degradation

Soil Erosion & Water Resources Measurement in Agriculture Production

Population growth and climate change have put a strain on the planet's limited natural resources. Soil and water are essential natural resources for the agricultural production system. Deterioration of natural resources is largely due to human and environmental activities that harm the environment. Soil erosion is one of the most important dangers to the degradation of soil and water resources among the many degradation processes. The water erosion process has eroded around 68.4 percent of India's entire geographical area. Soil erosion is accelerated by intensive farming activities. As a result of increased extraction, groundwater levels have also dropped. Soil and water resources must be managed holistically to ensure agricultural viability and the preservation of the natural ecosystem. For the preservation of soil and water, new technology, sensible use of natural resources, and good management methods are essential. To ensure long-term agricultural sustainability and soil health, this chapter examines the status of natural resource degradation, erosion processes, and soil conservation techniques

Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of the response to nitrogen limitation in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The present study represents a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of the response of the model streptomycete <it>Streptomyces coelicolor </it>A3(2) M145 to fermentor culture in Modified Evans Media limited, respectively, for nitrogen, phosphate and carbon undertaken as part of the ActinoGEN consortium to provide a publicly available reference microarray dataset.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>A microarray dataset using samples from two replicate cultures for each nutrient limitation was generated. In this report our analysis has focused on the genes which are significantly differentially expressed, as determined by Rank Products Analysis, between samples from matched time points correlated by growth phase for the three pairs of differently limited culture datasets. With a few exceptions, genes are only significantly differentially expressed between the N6/N7 time points and their corresponding time points in the C and P-limited cultures, with the vast majority of the differentially expressed genes being more highly expressed in the N-limited cultures. Our analysis of these genes indicated expression of several members of the GlnR regulon are induced upon nitrogen limitation, as assayed for by [NH₄⁺] measurements, and we are able to identify several additional genes not present in the GlnR regulon whose expression is induced in response to nitrogen limitation. We also note SCO3327 which encodes a small protein (32 amino acid residues) unusually rich in the basic amino acids lysine (31.25%) and arginine (25%) is significantly differentially expressed in the nitrogen limited cultures. Additionally, we investigate the expression of known members of the GlnR regulon and the relationship between gene organization and expression for the SCO2486-SCO2487 and SCO5583-SCO5585 operons.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We provide a list of genes whose expression is differentially expressed in low nitrogen culture conditions, including a putative nitrogen storage protein encoded by SCO3327. Our list includes several genes whose expression patterns are similar to up-regulated members of the GlnR regulon and are induced in response to nitrogen limitation. These genes represent likely targets for future studies into the nitrogen starvation response in <it>Streptomyces coelicolor</it>.</p

Burden of Stroke in Europe:An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study Findings From 2010 to 2019

BACKGROUND:While most European Regions perform well in global comparisons, large discrepancies within stroke epidemiological parameters exist across Europe. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the stroke burden across European regions and countries in 2019 and its difference to 2010.METHODS:The GBD 2019 analytical tools were used to evaluate regional and country-specific estimates of incidence, prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years of stroke for the European Region as defined by the World Health Organization, with its 53 member countries (EU-53) and for European Union as defined in 2019, with its 28 member countries (EU-28), between 2010 and 2019. Results were analyzed at a regional, subregional, and country level.RESULTS:In EU-53, the absolute number of incident and prevalent strokes increased by 2% (uncertainty interval [UI], 0%–4%), from 1 767 280 to 1 802 559 new cases, and by 4% (UI, 3%–5%) between 2010 and 2019, respectively. In EU-28, the absolute number of prevalent strokes and stroke-related deaths increased by 4% (UI, 2%–5%) and by 6% (UI, 1%–10%), respectively. All-stroke age-standardized mortality rates, however, decreased by 18% (UI, −22% to −14%), from 82 to 67 per 100 000 people in the EU-53, and by 15% (UI, −18% to −11%), from 49.3 to 42.0 per 100 000 people in EU-28. Despite most countries presenting reductions in age-adjusted incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life year rates, these rates remained 1.4×, 1.2×, 1.6×, and 1.7× higher in EU-53 in comparison to the EU-28.CONCLUSIONS:EU-53 showed a 2% increase in incident strokes, while they remained stable in EU-28. Age-standardized rates were consistently lower for all-stroke burden parameters in EU-28 in comparison to EU-53, and huge discrepancies in incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-year rates were observed between individual countries.<br/

Oral administration of bovine milk-derived extracellular vesicles induces senescence in the primary tumor but accelerates cancer metastasis

The concept that extracellular vesicles (EVs) from the diet can be absorbed by the intestinal tract of the consuming organism, be bioavailable in various organs, and in-turn exert phenotypic changes is highly debatable. Here, we isolate EVs from both raw and commercial bovine milk and characterize them by electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, western blotting, quantitative proteomics and small RNA sequencing analysis. Orally administered bovine milk-derived EVs survive the harsh degrading conditions of the gut, in mice, and is subsequently detected in multiple organs. Milk-derived EVs orally administered to mice implanted with colorectal and breast cancer cells reduce the primary tumor burden. Intriguingly, despite the reduction in primary tumor growth, milk-derived EVs accelerate metastasis in breast and pancreatic cancer mouse models. Proteomic and biochemical analysis reveal the induction of senescence and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer cells upon treatment with milk-derived EVs. Timing of EV administration is critical as oral administration after resection of the primary tumor reverses the pro-metastatic effects of milk-derived EVs in breast cancer models. Taken together, our study provides context-based and opposing roles of milk-derived EVs as metastasis inducers and suppressors