Zero tension Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation in (d+1)- Dimensions

The joint probability distribution function (PDF) of the height and its gradients is derived for a zero tension $d+1$-dimensional Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation. It is proved that the height`s PDF of zero tension KPZ equation shows lack of positivity after a finite time $t_{c}$. The properties of zero tension KPZ equation and its differences with the case that it possess an infinitesimal surface tension is discussed. Also potential relation between the time scale $t_{c}$ and the singularity time scale $t_{c, \nu \to 0}$ of the KPZ equation with an infinitesimal surface tension is investigated.Comment: 18 pages, 8 figure

Cryptosporidium infection in patients with gastroenteritis in Sari, Iran

Background: Cryptosporidiosis is a common coccidian parasite infection in patients with diarrhea that has worldwide distribution especially in developed countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in patients with gastroenteritis admitted to hospitals of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences by parasitological and molecular methods in Sari, Iran. Methods: Stool samples were collected from 348 patients with gastroenteritis admitted to the hospitals of Medical University in the Sari and Ghaemshahr cities in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran in 2010-2011. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium identified using Formalin-Ether concentration method and stained by Aacidfast staining (AFS) and Auramine phenol fluorescence (APF). Genomic DAN extracted from microscopically positive samples and nested PCR -RFLP by using SSU rRNA that identifies of the species of cryptosporidium. Results: In 348 patients with gastroenteritis, the most clinical symptoms were diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, fever and weight loss. 2.3% (8 cases) of diarrheal samples tested by both microscopy and molecular methods were positive for the presence of cryptosporidium. Nested PCR products yielded unique bands of 846 bp, correspond to cryptosporidium. Species diagnosis carried out by digesting the secondary PCR product with SspI restriction enzyme, which noted 3 clearly bands of 449, 254, and 108 bp correspond to Cryptosporidium spp. Conclusion: The results of present study on Cryptosporidium spp. in this area can make a background data for control programs and further molecular analyses. Thus, further work needs to determine the origin of Cryptosporidium species in this area

Effect of fasting on levels of subjective stress among nurses working in emergency departments of hospitals in chahar mahal and bakhtiari‏

Background: High levels of stress in nurses, known as a factor influencing the level of job satisfaction and can result in poor performance and dissatisfaction of patients. Therefore, the use of stress reduction programs, such as adherence to religion and religious teachings seriously, to protect and prevent health problems, it is very necessary and inevitable. Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of fasting on the subjective stress level of nurses working in emergency departments is subjective. Materials and Methods: This study was a prospective study that performed on 110 nurses working in emergency departments of hospitals in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari. Sampling method was Simple and the sample of this study was the same. To gathering of information demographic and subjective stress questionnaire was used to measure subjective stress. Questionnaires completed in 3 phases: before, half and after the Ramadan. For data analyzing descriptive and inferential statistics such as t-test and the test based on Friedman repeated SPSS software data were used. Results: The results of this study showed before Ramadan, subjective stress level of emergency nurses was 23.48 ± 14.52 and in the middle of Ramadan 20.65 ± 9.96 and after Ramadan 7.55 ± 4.64.These figures indicate the end of Ramadan, the subjective stress level as low as emergency nurses as it has been before and middle of Ramadan. Discussion: The results of this study showed that a positive impact of Ramadan fasting on improving the subjective health of emergency nurses. Due to the sensitivity of Professional nurses, are constantly affected by stress and if this group, note not to physical and mental health, this would in turn improve