Drying Temperature - Duration Impacts on Moisture, Carbon, and Nitrogen Losses from Broiler Litter

Drying poultry litter (PL) prior to analysis minimizes nutrient transformations and losses and facilitates sample preparation. Drying also allows comparison among different litters on dry-weight (dw) basis. However, losses of carbon (C) as CO2 and nitrogen (N) as NH3 (NH3) can confound moisture losses. Thus, the apparent moisture content (MC) that does not separately account for C and N losses will be higher than the true MC. Further, use of apparent MC may also result in overestimation of C and N concentrations (dw basis). Broiler litter (BL) MC was determined using FD 50 (flask-dried at 50°C for 24 h), FD 70 (flask-dried at 70°C for 16 h), CT70 (oven-dried at 70°C to constant mass), and CT105 (oven-dried at 105°C to constant mass). Carbon and NH3-N losses during drying were measured for the FD50 and FD70 treatments. Carbon and N losses were significantly greater with FD70 vs. FD50; however, FD50 did not completely dry the BL and was hence, not appropriate for MC determination. Flask-drying and oven-drying at 70°C were equally effective in completely drying BL. The true MC (22.5%) and apparent MC (26.3%) were significantly different. Hence, CO2-C and NH3-N losses accounted for 14.4% of the total mass lost during drying. While total Kjeldahl N (TKN), total ammoniacal-N (TAN), and total C (TC) concentrations calculated using apparent MC where 5% higher than the concentrations calculated using true MC, they were not significantly different. The TKN concentrations in the field-moist samples adjusted to dw basis for true or apparent MC were significantly greater than TKN concentration in CT105 possibly due to urea sublimation and decomposition at 105°C. Where accurate C and N accounting are required, C and N losses should be measured during drying. Due to wide variability in litter properties, extrapolating these findings to other litters or different sample sizes is not desirable

Evaluation of additive for reducing gaseous emissions from swine waste

Additives can reduce gaseous emissions from swine waste lagoons and pits.  We have demonstrated for the first time that an additive has the potential to reduce methane emission from an anaerobic swine lagoon.  ManureMax®, a humate product was evaluated for its ability to reduce gas and odor emissions from swine anaerobic lagoon and barn flush-water.  Four treatments, Control (no additive), Low (label dosage), Medium (50% higher than label dosage), and High (200% higher than label dosage) were applied to inclined pipes installed in a swine lagoon.  While the Medium and High treatments were not effective, the Low treatment reduced methane, 2-butanone, and tetrahydrofuran concentrations by 34%, 44%, and 57%, respectively vs. the Control in the pipe headspace.  Surface treatment was effective on methane for four weeks.  ManureMax® was ineffective in reducing nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide concentrations in the headspace.  It is unclear why only the Low treatment reduced concentrations of these gases in the lagoon though at least one study also reported similar findings with additive dosage.  The Low treatment reduced chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus in the lagoon supernatant probably due to chelation, flocculation, and/or oxidation.  Applying treatments to pipes installed in a lagoon could be cost-effective way to compare treatments in replicated, mesocosm-scale studies in a lagoon.  In the lab, all ManureMax® treatments reduced accumulation of three short-chain volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the headspace of incubated glass bottles but only the High treatment reduced toluene accumulation (by 26%).  The ability of ManureMax® to degrade long- and branch-chain VFAs requires further evaluation and its odor reduction potential should be tested using olfactometry.  Keywords: hog, mesocosm-scale, methane, 2-butanone, tetrahydrofuran, volatile fatty acids, toluene 

A New Approach: Data Segregation Model

Cloud computing is necessity in business world nowadays. It is providing good infrastructure to make work easy. Business entrepreneurs select the cloud on the basis of their requirements and goals. Cloud computing may be innovative, useful and flexible, it does not mean that it does not have drawbacks. To overcome advantages in this research paper introduce new approach Data Segregation Model

A New Perception in Cloud Computing: Hybrid Model

Cloud Computing is one of the developing areas of computer science nowadays. It is providing brilliant facilities to businesspersons by flexible infrastructure. Cloud Computing provides the prospect to access IT resources and facilities with substantial convenience. Business entrepreneurs select cloud on the basis of their necessity and goal. Cloud computing may be good, innovative and useful, it does not mean that it does not have drawbacks. In this research paper we are going to discuss advantages, disadvantages and recommendations to overcome drawbacks of cloud Computing

Identification of Cloud Computing Service Quality Indicators with its Expected Involvement in Cloud Computing Services and its Performance Issues

Nowadays quality of cloud computing services, along with its proper service management, is one of the most important aspects of cloud computing model. Because of that, the cloud computing system can fulfill the need of users in a better way. To fulfill the need of cloud services quality, an evaluation series of quality standards are to be considered. Some of the most important standards have been considered while others are still under identification or under development. Here a series of indicators is to be identified with an objective to guide the development of cloud service related products. Specification of high quality requirements and the evaluation of quality characteristics shall also be a part of this process. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15074

Hydrogen production processes from biomass

Global warming, climate change and energy security have been gaining more attention worldwide. Hydrogen production from biomass offers an effective solution leaving minimal environmental footprint. This thesis identifies and reviews the most potential bio-hydrogen production pathways, identifies and designs the most promising process, and then conducts a rough feasibility study to check its economic potential for commercial production after simulation (experimental part). Finally, it also tests the viability of the developed process against non-bio-hydrogen process. Based on literature review, it is concluded that biomass gasification technology is the most promising process for bio-hydrogen production. Simulation results show that 67.5% product efficiency with 99.99% purity and >82% overall efficiency are achieved using forest residues as the biomass feedstock in a plant capacity of 100 MW. The product efficiency of this process might be lower than the product efficiency achieved by hydrogen production from natural gas, which is >80%, but the designed process has low carbon footprint and has higher efficiency compared to other biological and thermochemical processes. The results from cost analysis show that the production cost of hydrogen based only on its hydrogen production efficiency for the base case accounts to 93 €/MWh. For the same base case, the calculated internal rate of return (IRR) is 7.46%. Sensitivity analysis shows that in order for IRR to increase from ~7.5% to 15%, either the hydrogen selling price should increase from 90 €/MWh to 125 €/MWh while keeping the rest of variables constant. Alternatively, the fixed capital investment (FCI) should decrease from 200M€ to 150M€ and the hydrogen selling price should increase from 90 €/MWh to 99 €/MWh. To conclude, this study shows that biomass gasification technology is the most promising bio-hydrogen production process and hence should be considered for commercial production

Exposing Issues and Challenges in Performance of Cloud Computing Services.

In current era of high performance computing, cloud computing is considered as new paradigm of ubiquitous computing. Peoples are changing their views and accordingly demand of consumer services for real world applications is getting diversified. Most of all global IT leader companies have started to consume cloud services in one or another way by putting their demands. The cloud is rapidly maturing towards its goal to satisfy federated need of consumer’s need for real-world applications. It is tried to reflect survey of current research related to open issues associated with clouds service performance with consideration of maintenance of performance and quality management and also simulates service level agreement based testing on the large scale commercial testing environment. One of the key aspect of the existing approach is it cloud environment need to achieve more flexibility to satisfy diversified users need and providers service delivery model. A collaborative system shall apply the concept of the cloud service performance testing to reduce the mitigations in cloud data and loss of the service availability and data integrity aspects

Epidemiological and clinical profile of snakebite patients: a retrospective analysis at a tertiary care teaching hospital of southern Rajasthan, India

Background: Snakebite - a global public health problem can be a traumatic experience for patients. They may develop local pain and swelling at the site with or without systemic involvement (haematological and neurological) and at times complications depending upon nature of snake. The present study was planned to determine the epidemiological and clinical profile of snakebite patients at a tertiary care teaching hospital of southern Rajasthan, India.Methods: This retrospective observational study was carried out at a tertiary care teaching hospital only after approval from institutional ethics committee. The data of patients aged between 18-80 years of either gender that had presented with a history of snakebite and admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in past 3 years were included. Data related to epidemiological, clinical and investigational parameters was collected and analysed. Data was presented as number (percentage) or mean ± standard deviation.Results: Total 80 patients were analyzed. Male:female ratio was 1.67:1 and mean age of study population was 33.91±14.34 years. Maximum 71 (89%) patients belonged to rural region. Only 16 (20%) patients complained of local pain. Bleeding was noted in 5 (6.25%) patients whereas 36 (45%) patients had ptosis. Prolonged coagulation markers were reported in 35 (44%) patients. Only 2 (2.5%) patients had acute kidney injury. Altered liver and renal function tests were noted in 71 (89%) and 63 (79%) patients respectively. Mechanical ventilation was required in 27 (34%) patients.Conclusions: Young adult males and rural population were prone to snakebites. Local and systemic manifestations were noted in relatively lesser patients compared to the published data. Only fewer patients in I.C.U. required mechanical ventilation

Conversion from Laparoscopic to Open Cholecystectomy

Introductions: With the advent of newer technology, the era of open surgery for gall bladder diseases has been preferably taken over by laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, certain cases still require conversion to open surgery. In this review we aim to analyze the reason for conversion.Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at Patan Hospital, Patan Acdemy of Health Sciences, Nepal. All patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy from February 2009 to July 2012 were included in the study. File numbers of all the patients were obtained from operation room register. The patient files were analyzed for age, sex, duration of symptoms, liver function tests, ultrasound findings and the description in operation note for reason for conversion.Results: The age ranged from 12 to 81 years with mean age of patients 32.76 years and male to female ratio 1:2.9. The mean operating time was 65 minutes and average post operative hospital stay was 1.61 days. Out of 305 patients, 34 (11.14%) required open conversion. Factors esponsible for open conversion were dense fibrosis at Calots in 11 (3.6%), adhesions due to previous abdominal surgery in 6 (1.9%), uncontrollable bleeding in 5 (1.6%), bile duct injury in 4 (1.3%) cholecystoenteric fistula in 3 (0.9%), Mirizzi’s syndrome 2(0.6%).Conclusions: Adhesions at the calot’s triangle was the common reason for conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy.Keywords: adhesions, conversion, gallstone, laparoscopic cholecystectom