A study of clinicoradiological and functional outcomes of intramedullary nailing in diaphyseal radius ulna fractures

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of intramedullary nailing in diaphyseal fractures of radius and ulna in age group of 10 to 49 years and to understand its clinicoradiological and functional results.Methods: This is a retrospective case series study of forearm bone fractures and the selected management for the same over a period of 3 years. We chose the cases in which intramedullary nailing was the treatment modality which were followed up over a period of minimum 6 months. Patients with galeazzi variety, monteggia variety, pathological fracture or non-union after previous surgery were excluded. The outcomes were then evaluated with disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score, Green and O’Brien score, and Grace and Eversmann functional outcome score.Results: Of the 22 patients, 10 patients had excellent functional outcome according to Grace and Eversmann score, 7 patients had good outcome, 4 patients had acceptable while 1 was unacceptable. Green and O’Brien also had similar results, except that patients among fair category were 3 and poor category were 3. The mean DASH score was 16.2.Conclusions: This study shows that closed method for fixation by intramedullary nailing of both bone forearm fractures leads to excellent to good functional outcomes (according to DASH score, Green and O Brien, and Grace and Eversmann score) with less complications. In 6 months follow up x ray there is radiological union in all cases with no angulation, malunion or non-union.

A prospective study of 50 cases of patella fractures treated with different modalities

Background: Fractures of patella account for 1% of all skeletal injuries. There is no universal accepted treatment for patellar fractures. After a fracture of the patella, the best results are obtained by accurate reduction and stable internal fixation. Partial or total patellectomy is generally indicated when the patella is so severely comminuted that an accurate reduction and reconstruction of the retropatellar joint surface cannot be achieved.Methods: The prospective study of 50 cases of patellar fractures was carried out at the department of orthopaedics for the period from May 2015 to December 2017. The maximum period of follow up was 18 months with a minimum period of follow up of 5 months (average 11.68 months). Operative treatment was done in patella fractures for more than 2 mm of articular displacement or 3 mm of fragment separation. Surgical options includes internal fixation with tension band wiring with k wire and partial patellectomy with extensor mechanism repair.Results: We have studied 50 patients where 7 cases were treated conservatively. In the present series 22 patients were treated with internal fixation out of which 13 patients had excellent results. 6 patients had good results. 21 patients were treated with partial patellectomy where 6 patients had excellent results, 11 patients had good and 4 patients had fair results.Conclusions: Patella should be preserved and Osteosynthesis whenever possible has better chance for excellent results. A good surgical technique, optimal operation room environment and judicious use of antibiotics will reduce the possibility of infection

Identification and synthesis of a unique thiocarbazate cathepsin L inhibitor

Library samples containing 2,5-disubstituted oxadiazoles were identified as potent hits in a high throughput screen (HTS) of the NIH Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository (MLSMR) directed at discovering inhibitors of cathepsin L. However, when synthesized in pure form, the putative actives were found to be devoid of biological activity. Analyses by LC–MS of original library samples indicated the presence of a number of impurities, in addition to the oxadiazoles. Synthesis and bioassay of the probable impurities led to the identification of a thiocarbazate that likely originated via ring opening of the oxadiazole. Previously unknown, thiocarbazates (-)-11 and (-)-12 were independently synthesized as single enantiomers and found to inhibit cathepsin 20 L in the low nanomolar range

The effect of metal ratio and precipitation agent on highly active iron-manganese mixed metal oxide catalysts for propane total oxidation

Iron-manganese mixed metal oxide catalysts with a range of Fe:Mn ratios were synthesised by co-precipitation using sodium carbonate and evaluated for total propane oxidation. The Fe0.50Mn0.50Ox catalyst was the most active, and this was due to increased surface area along with the formation of a Mn2O3 phase that was not present in the other catalysts. The effect of the precipitating agent was evaluated with the Fe0.50Mn0.50Ox catalyst, investigating preparation using (NH4)2CO3, K2CO3, NH4OH, KOH, and NaOH. In almost all cases, the activity of propane oxidation was increased compared to the Na2CO3-prepared catalyst, with the hydroxide-precipitated catalysts generally being more active than the carbonates. The NH4OH catalyst was the best performing and this was thought to be due to the formation of a highly active mixed defect spinel structure. Results demonstrate that highly active mixed metal oxide total oxidation catalysts can be prepared using abundant elements, and the choice of precipitating agent is important to maximise the activity

Mechanochemical preparation of ceria-zirconia catalysts for the total oxidation of propane and naphthalene Volatile Organic Compounds

A range of ceria-zirconia mixed metal oxide catalysts were synthesised by mechanochemical milling from nitrate precursors and tested for propane and naphthalene total oxidation. The mixed CeZrOx metal oxide catalysts were more active compared to pure CeO2 and ZrO2, with the Ce0.90Zr0.10Ox catalyst the most active for both propane and naphthalene total oxidation. Catalysts were characterised by XRD, TGA, Raman spectroscopy, BET surface area, XPS, TEM and SEM-EDX techniques. Formation of CeZrOx solid solutions were observed for Zr content ranging from 5 to 25%, and phase separated materials were observed for higher Zr content of 50%. The incorporation of Zr into the CeO2 lattice increased the surface area compared to pure CeO2 and ZrO2, with evidence of a surface enrichment of Zr when concentrations were compared to the bulk. Incorporation of Zr was found to increase the surface concentration of oxygen defects in the CeZrOx mixed metal oxides, the concentration of these defect on the catalysts follows a similar trend to the propane and naphthalene total oxidation activity: The increased presence of oxygen defects and reducibility are factors responsible for the enhanced total oxidation activity of the mixed metal oxide catalysts, and the mechanochemical method is an effective preparation route for these active catalysts

Ceria-zirconia mixed metal oxides prepared via mechanochemical grinding of carbonates for the total oxidation of propane and naphthalene

A series of ceria–zirconia mixed metal oxides with varying metal ratios were prepared by the calcination of precursors synthesized by mechanochemical grinding of the metal carbonates, and tested for catalytic naphthalene and propane total combustion. The mechanically-mixed metal oxides were more active for both propane and naphthalene total oxidation compared to the parent metal oxides. Ce0.95Zr0.05Ox was the most active catalyst for the total combustion of propane and naphthalene. Catalysts were characterized by x-ray diffraction, BET surface area, laser Raman spectroscopy, temperature programmed reduction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray analysis and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. Formation of ceria–zirconia solid solutions was observed for catalysts with a zirconia content of 10% or lower, whereas ceria and zirconia phase separation was observed when zirconia content was above 25%. Surface area increased when ceria and zirconia were mixed, and the reduction temperature of the bulk shifted to lower temperatures upon increasing zirconia content. Incorporation of zirconia was found to increase the relative concentration of surface oxygen defects compared to pure ceria, with low amounts of zirconia showing the greatest increase. The concentration of oxygen defects correlates with propane and naphthalene total oxidation activity. The enhanced total oxidation activity occurs as a result of the increased number of oxygen defects and the higher surface area. The results demonstrate that mechanochemical preparation from carbonate precursors was an effective route to make active catalyst

Identification and characterization of 3-substituted pyrazolyl esters as alternate substrates for cathepsin B: The confounding effects of DTT and cysteine in biological assays

Substituted pyrazole esters were identified as hits in a high throughput screen (HTS) of the NIH Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository (MLSMR) to identify inhibitors of the enzyme cathepsin B. Members of this class, along with functional group analogs, were synthesized in an effort to define the structural requirements for activity. Analog characterization was hampered by the need to include a reducing agent such as dithiothreitol (DTT) or cysteine in the assay, highlighting the caution required in interpreting biological data gathered in the presence of such nucleophiles. Despite the confounding effects of DTT and cysteine, our studies demonstrate that the pyrazole 1 acts as alternate substrate for cathepsin B, rather than as an inhibitor