Containers in the law of carriage of goods

Container transport is not a new mode of transport. It is only a more efficient method of using the three main conventional modes, namely sea, rail and road transport. As the international community has as yet failed to achieve agreement about a uniform set of rules to deal with the legal problems arising in connection with the new method, it has become necessary to attempt to solve these problems on the basis of existing legal rules governing the conventional modes of transport. The present work analyses attempts made in that direction in English, American, Canadian and French law, and generally studies the feasibility of applying the old rules of transport law, both the local ones prevailing in the above-mentioned legal systems, and the rules of existing international transport conventions, to the new realities of containerisation. Such an application would have been a mere mechanical operation if containers could be defined in such a way as would have enabled them to be uniformly classified within the conventional concepts of either 'goods', 'package' or 'vessel/vehicle'. But the container is a hybrid. Indeed, its ability to change functions in rapid succession, and even perform several functions at the same time, as a mobile part of the ship, a storage compartment of a vehicle, a warehouse and a package, is the very reason why it has been brought into use. The categorisation of all aspects of container transport within traditional terms and concepts of transport law can therefore be done only piecemeal, deciding in each legal context which facet of the container is relevant to the issue at hand. This has led to classifying the container in different parts of the thesis as 'part of the ship', as 'goods' and as 'package' within the meaning of the same statute. The aim of the present thesis is to show that, inconvenient as this manner of solving the legal problems of container transport may seem to be, it is the correct one. Simple solutions to these problems are theoretically easy to conceive, but only legislation can give them the force of law. Attempts to achieve similar solutions through judicial interpretation by uniform, but arbitrary, classification, would achieve relative simplicity in some aspects, but only at the cost of distorting the structure of existing rules and producing unacceptable solutions in other aspects. [Please see thesis for the complete abstract.

Containers in the law of carriage of goods

Container transport is not a new mode of transport. It is only a more efficient method of using the three main conventional modes, namely sea, rail and road transport. As the international community has as yet failed to achieve agreement about a uniform set of rules to deal with the legal problems arising in connection with the new method, it has become necessary to attempt to solve these problems on the basis of existing legal rules governing the conventional modes of transport. The present work analyses attempts made in that direction in English, American, Canadian and French law, and generally studies the feasibility of applying the old rules of transport law, both the local ones prevailing in the above-mentioned legal systems, and the rules of existing international transport conventions, to the new realities of containerisation. Such an application would have been a mere mechanical operation if containers could be defined in such a way as would have enabled them to be uniformly classified within the conventional concepts of either 'goods', 'package' or 'vessel/vehicle'. But the container is a hybrid. Indeed, its ability to change functions in rapid succession, and even perform several functions at the same time, as a mobile part of the ship, a storage compartment of a vehicle, a warehouse and a package, is the very reason why it has been brought into use. The categorisation of all aspects of container transport within traditional terms and concepts of transport law can therefore be done only piecemeal, deciding in each legal context which facet of the container is relevant to the issue at hand. This has led to classifying the container in different parts of the thesis as 'part of the ship', as 'goods' and as 'package' within the meaning of the same statute. The aim of the present thesis is to show that, inconvenient as this manner of solving the legal problems of container transport may seem to be, it is the correct one. Simple solutions to these problems are theoretically easy to conceive, but only legislation can give them the force of law. Attempts to achieve similar solutions through judicial interpretation by uniform, but arbitrary, classification, would achieve relative simplicity in some aspects, but only at the cost of distorting the structure of existing rules and producing unacceptable solutions in other aspects. [Please see thesis for the complete abstract.]</p

Differences Between Traditional and Distance Education Academic Performances: A Meta-Analytic Approach

This meta-analysis research estimated and compared the differences between the academic performance of students enrolled in distance education courses relative to those enrolled in traditional settings, as demonstrated by their final course grades/ scores within the 1990-2002 period.Eighty-six experimental and quasi-experimental studies met the established inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis (including data from over 15,000 participating students), and provided effect sizes, clearly demonstrating that: (1) in two thirds of the cases, students taking courses by distance education outperformed their student counterparts enrolled in traditionally instructed courses; (2) the overall effect size d+ was calculated as 0.37 standard deviation units (0.33 < 95% confidence interval < 0.40); and (3) this effect size of 0.37 indicates the mean percentile standing of the DE group is at the 65th percentile of the traditional group (mean defined as the 50th percentile)