9 research outputs found
Causality in String Field Theory
In this letter, we will investigate causality in string field theory using
pp-wave light-cone gauge string field theory. We will generalize the Ramsey
scheme to string field theory, and use it to analyze string field theoretical
processes. An explicit characteristic function for interactive string field
theory will be built using this string field theoretical Ramsey scheme. The
average of the difference between the initial and final values of any operator
described in string field theory will be obtained using this characteristic
function. We will use the quantum information theoretical technique based on
quantum fisher information to extract information about such string field
theoretical processes.Comment: Accepted in EPL, 13 page
Construction of Quantum Target Space from World-Sheet States using Quantum State Tomography
In this paper, we will construct the quantum states of target space
coordinates from world-sheet states, using quantum state tomography. To perform
quantum state tomography of an open string, we will construct suitable
quadrature operators. We do this by first defining the quadrature operators in
world-sheet, and then using them to construct the quantum target space
quadrature operators for an open string. We will connect the quantum target
space to classical geometry using coherent string states. We will be using a
novel construction based on a string displacement operator to construct these
coherent states. The coherent states of the world-sheet will also be used to
construct the coherent states in target space.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, 1 appendi
A Novel Application of Quantum Speed Limit to String Theory
In this work, we investigate the implications of the concept of quantum speed
limit in string field theory. We adopt a novel approach to the problem of time
on world-sheet based on Fisher information, and arrive at a minimum time for a
particle state to evolve into another particle state. This is done using both
the Mandelstam-Tamm bound and the Margolus-Levitin bound. This implies that any
interaction has to be smeared over such an interval, and any interaction in the
effective quantum field theory has to be non-local. As non-local quantum field
theories are known to be finite, it is expected that divergences should be
removed from effective quantum field theories due to the quantum speed limit of
string theory.Comment: 9 page
Ramsey Scheme Applied to String Theoretical Processes
In this letter, we analyze the evolution of physical quantities due to the
interaction of strings with background fields. We will obtain the
characteristic function for such a string theoretical process. This will be
done by generalizing the Ramsey scheme to world-sheet, and using it to obtain
the information about the evolution of quantity in a string theoretical
process, without making two-point measurements. We will also use the
characteristic function to obtain the average of the difference between the
initial and final values of such a quantity. Finally, using the characteristic
function, we calculate fisher information for the difference of such a
quantity.Comment: Accepted for publication in EP
Conceptualisation, Systematic Review and Future Research Directions in the Broad Domains of Tourism Infrastructure
This paper explored the conceptualisation and research gaps in the field of tourism infrastructure. Key objective of the paper is to define tourism infrastructure and underline the areas explored by researchers and the fields uncharted yet. Systematic overview of existing research is given and briefly showed by details in papers. Articles published between 2007 and upto the end of 2021 has been selected to verify results. The details of author, objectives, methodology and results and conclusions are separated to help budding researchers to identify the research gaps. Nevertheless, the last section briefly describes the areas left untouched by studies for further research. The appraisal conducted shows that certain areas are not properly explored either conceptually, theoretically or empirically. Infrastructure gap is analyzed but the factors determining the functioning of infrastructure unbotched yet. Function of infrastructure to enhance service quality of environment is still unexplored and needs further empirical analysis. At the same time, there is a complete dearth of studies to analyse the contribution of sustainable infrastructure on dimensions of environment sustainability. Lastly, it is confirmed that the accessible literatures botched to give clear practical verification on the influence of tourism infrastructure on services and their influence on tourism resources management. As a result, it is anticipated that the study will add positively in said area and is obliging for lately researchers to conduct studies on uncharted dimensions
Circuit Complexity for Thermofield Double States in Bosonic String Theory
In this paper, we first construct thermofield double states for bosonic
string theory in the light-cone gauge. We then obtain a coherent-thermal string
state and use it to calculate the circuit complexity in string theory. This is
done using the covariance matrix approach to calculate the circuit complexity.
In this approach, we will generate the optimal geodesics by a horizontal string
generator and, then, obtain the circuit complexity using the length of the
minimal geodesics in the group manifold.Comment: 18 page
Reproductive Biology of Inula racemosa Hook. f.
The accurate picture of the status of plants and the trends that have an
impacting on them is difficult to determine. Further, the exact
number of flowering plant species in the world is not fully known and
documented.Natural habitats are
currently being degraded at a rate that is unprecedented in the history, and
massive extinctions of biota are likely to follow as a result.Under the pressures of globalization,
continuous growth of human population, resources exploitation, and
climate changes, the perturbation, displacement and/or destruction of
natural habitats are real facts. Many important sites of Kashmir
Himalaya were surveyed for assessing the distribution, growth and
reproductive biology of Inula racemosa (Asteraceae). The select sites
were demarcated on the basis of location, habitat structure, density,
diversity and accessibility
Biochemical Characterization and Functional Analysis of Heat Stable High Potential Protease of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strain HM48 from Soils of Dachigam National Park in Kashmir Himalaya
A novel temperature stable alkaline protease yielding bacteria was isolated from the soils of Dachigam National Park, which is known to be inhabited by a wide variety of endemic plant and animal species of Western Himalaya. This high-potential protease producing isolate was characterized and identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain HM48 by morphological, Gram’s staining and biochemical techniques followed by molecular characterization using 16S rRNA approach. The extracellular protease of B. amyloliquefaciens HM48 was purified by precipitating with ammonium sulfate (80%), followed by dialysis and Gel filtration chromatography increasing its purity by 5.8-fold. The SDS–PAGE analysis of the purified enzyme confirmed a molecular weight of about ≈25 kDa. The enzyme displayed exceptional activity in a broad temperature range (10–90 °C) at pH 8.0, retaining its maximum at 70 °C, being the highest reported for this proteolytic Bacillus sp., with KM and Vmax of 11.71 mg/mL and 357.14 µmol/mL/min, respectively. The enzyme exhibited remarkable activity and stability against various metal ions, surfactants, oxidizing agent (H2O2), organic solvents and displayed outstanding compatibility with widely used detergents. This protease showed effective wash performance by exemplifying complete blood and egg-yolk stains removal at 70 °C and efficiently disintegrated chicken feathers making it of vital importance for laundry purpose and waste management. For functional analysis, protease gene amplification of strain HM48 yielded a nucleotide sequence of about 700 bp, which, when checked against the available sequences in NCBI, displayed similarity with subtilisin-like serine protease of B. amyloliquefaciens. The structure of this protease and its highest-priority substrate β-casein was generated through protein modeling. These protein models were validated through futuristic algorithms following which protein–protein (protease from HM48 and β-casein) docking was performed. The interaction profile of these proteins in the docked state with each other was also generated, shedding light on their finer details. Such attributes make this thermally stable protease novel and suitable for high-temperature industrial and environmental applications
Biochemical Characterization and Functional Analysis of Heat Stable High Potential Protease of <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> Strain HM48 from Soils of Dachigam National Park in Kashmir Himalaya
A novel temperature stable alkaline protease yielding bacteria was isolated from the soils of Dachigam National Park, which is known to be inhabited by a wide variety of endemic plant and animal species of Western Himalaya. This high-potential protease producing isolate was characterized and identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain HM48 by morphological, Gram’s staining and biochemical techniques followed by molecular characterization using 16S rRNA approach. The extracellular protease of B. amyloliquefaciens HM48 was purified by precipitating with ammonium sulfate (80%), followed by dialysis and Gel filtration chromatography increasing its purity by 5.8-fold. The SDS–PAGE analysis of the purified enzyme confirmed a molecular weight of about ≈25 kDa. The enzyme displayed exceptional activity in a broad temperature range (10–90 °C) at pH 8.0, retaining its maximum at 70 °C, being the highest reported for this proteolytic Bacillus sp., with KM and Vmax of 11.71 mg/mL and 357.14 µmol/mL/min, respectively. The enzyme exhibited remarkable activity and stability against various metal ions, surfactants, oxidizing agent (H2O2), organic solvents and displayed outstanding compatibility with widely used detergents. This protease showed effective wash performance by exemplifying complete blood and egg-yolk stains removal at 70 °C and efficiently disintegrated chicken feathers making it of vital importance for laundry purpose and waste management. For functional analysis, protease gene amplification of strain HM48 yielded a nucleotide sequence of about 700 bp, which, when checked against the available sequences in NCBI, displayed similarity with subtilisin-like serine protease of B. amyloliquefaciens. The structure of this protease and its highest-priority substrate β-casein was generated through protein modeling. These protein models were validated through futuristic algorithms following which protein–protein (protease from HM48 and β-casein) docking was performed. The interaction profile of these proteins in the docked state with each other was also generated, shedding light on their finer details. Such attributes make this thermally stable protease novel and suitable for high-temperature industrial and environmental applications