Selected morphological changes in nauplii of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) after tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) exposure

Early life stage of organisms is a critical period because it is very sensitive to changes that occur in the surrounding. The present study aimed to determine the lethal concentration 50 (LC) and identify 50 morphological changes of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) nauplii exposed to tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) after 24hr exposure. Results showed the LC of TBTCl for A. salina nauplii was 469.08 ng.L. Significant differences 50 1 were discovered in the morphology of nauplii in control and those exposed. The nauplii underwent prominent abnormal growth in total length, head width, abdominal width and tail width. Other abnormalities included improper development of mandibles, underdeveloped endopod and endite, as well as swimming site in the second pair of antenna. These results indicated that TBTCl is an environmentally toxic substance with negative effects on non-target organism. Therefore, further in-depth investigation should be conducted to establish A. salina as a bioindicator for TBTCl contamination

Median lethal concentration (LC50) and morphological effects of tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) on male and female Artemia salina

Elevation of tributyltin (TBT) compounds in marine environment could affect organisms at any life stages. The present study aimed to determine median lethal concentration (LC50) and morphological effects of tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) on adult males and females of brine shrimp (Artemia salina). Individuals of adult males and females of A. salina were exposed to different concentrations of TBTCl. Morphological conditions of every A. salina individuals were observed under a microscope. Results showed the LC50 of TBTCl toxicity in male A. salina was 146.99 ngL-1 and for the female was 94.72 ngL-1. The LC50 of TBTCl was significantly different among different sexes. There was also a significant difference in some morphological characters of males and females exposed to different TBTCl concentrations. These morphological changes include their total length, head width, abdominal width, and tail width after the 24 h exposure to TBTCl. These results suggested that suspensions of the TBTCl were toxic to Artemia, most likely due to the formation of benign TBTCl aggregates in water. However, the mortality increased with extended exposure to 24 h. Highest mortality occurred at 200 ngL-1 TBTCl; 43.33% for male and 90% for female (LC50 < 150 ngL-1) for both. Depended on these findings, the female was more sensitive for TBTCl toxicity test when compared to male. These effects were attributed to changes in morphological characteristics of the body A. salina

Lethal concentration 50 (LC50) and effects of diuron on morphology of brine shrimp Artemia salina (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) nauplii

Diuron is an alternative biocide to replace tributyltin in antifouling paints. However, its effect on non-targeted organisms are not fully studied, hence this study was conducted to investigate toxicological effects of Diuron in the early life stage (24hr post-hatch nauplii) of brine shrimp Artemia salina. The lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of Diuron on A. salina nauplii was determined after 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours exposure after conducting a range definitive tests. Additional investigations on morphological abnormalities and total length were also conducted. Results showed that LC50 of Diuron were 23.27 mg.L-1, 12.19 mg.L-1, 6.00 mg.L-1 in 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively. Some external abnormalities were also observed. The total length was found to decrease with the increase in Diuron concentration. These results indicate that Diuron is an environmentally toxic substances. Furthermore, in-depth investigation should be conducted to establish A. salina as a bioindicator for Diuron contaminatio

Effects of tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) antifoulingbiocide on adult males and females of brine shrimp (Artemia salina)

Elevation of tributyltin (TBT) concentration in marine environment could affect targeted and non-targeted organisms at any lifestage. The present study aimed to determine median lethal concentration (LC50) and morphological effects of tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) on adult males and females of brine shrimp (Artemia salina). The adult males and females of A. salina were exposed to different concentration of TBTCl. Morphological condition of every A. salina individuals were observed under a microscope. Results showed the LC50 of TBTCl among adult males of A. salina was 146.99 ng.L-1 and for the females was 94.72 ng.L-1, respectively. The LC50 of TBTCl was significantly different among different sexes. There was also a significant difference in some morphological characters of males and females exposed to different TBTCl concentrations. These morphological changes include their total length, head width, abdominal width, and tail width after the 24hr exposure to TBTCl. These results suggested that suspensions of the TBTCl were toxic to Artemia, most likely due to the formation of benign TBTCl aggregates in water. However, the mortality increased with extended exposure to 24hr. Highest mortality occurred at 200 ng.L-1 TBTCl; 43.33% for male and 90% for female (LC50<150 ng.L-1) for both. Depended on this the female was more sensitive for TBTCl toxicity test when compared to male. These effects were attributed to changes in morphological characteristics of the body A. salina