Optimal Expansion Planning of Distribution System and DG Placement Using BPSO

A new method to solve the single and multi-objective distribution expansion planning problems including DG is investigated in this paper. The sizing and placement of DG as well as the required power of the main grid would be optimized using proposed method to meet the demand. Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) algorithm is used to solve the optimization problem for three objective functions: total expansion cost, total voltage deviation, and total system loss. The goal of presented model is to satisfy operational and economic requirements by using DG as an alternative candidate for distribution system planning to avoid or at least reduce the expanding existing substations and upgrading existing feeders. The 30-bus distribution system is used in this work to evaluate the proposed algorithm. The conventional Weighted Aggregation Method is used to solve the multi-objective optimization problem so that further objective functions and constraints can be easily added to the proposed algorithm. Optimization results show that the DG has economical and electrical advantages in comparison with the traditional method

Ecomorphological differences among forest and rock dwelling species of Darevskia Arribas, 1999 (Squamata, Lacertide) in the Elburz Mountains, Iran

Ecological pressure is the major driver of morphological adaptation. Different habitat preferences even among closely related species, often result in the evolution of different body shapes. In the present study, we employed geometric morphometric and principal component analyses (PCA) to compare body shape and head plate morphology among seven species in the genus Darevskia Arribas, 1999 from the Elburz Mountains, Iran that occur in either rocky or forested habitats. The geometric morphometric analysis and the PCA of meristic characters recovered a wide degree of overlap between the rock and forest dwelling species. The PCA of the morphometric characters showed wide separation among the rock and forest dwelling species as well as among some of the rock dwelling species. These results strongly suggest that body shape is correlated with the habitat type whereas head plate morphology and scale meristics are not. Furthermore, the results suggest that the rock dwelling species may be occupying and navigating their microhabitat in different ways. Ecological observations are needed to test this hypothesis