BioL 2050, introductory Lab. "Examining the Correlation between Eye colour and Hair colour."

<table> <tbody><tr> <td>-An oral Survey was conducted to examine the correlation between eye colour and hair colour of 15 students of         Biol 2050, lab 07. <br><table> <tbody><tr> <td>-Methods: <br>method used in this survey was oral questioning. 15 students were asked about their eye colour and hair colour. <br>-Prediction: <br>It was predicted that the majority of the students that have brown eyes have brown hair as well, since brown colour is the common and dominate phenotype for both traits.<br>-Hypothesis:there is a correlation between the common phenotypes of eye colour and hair colour. <br> </td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> </tbody></table

Yorku. grassland/ Woodlot. Sept27-2016.CSV

<p>This study was conducted to measure the number of insects species and number of organisms in grassland and compare them with those on woodlot at York University campus around 3:00pm-4:10pm of September 27^th, 2016.</p> <p><b>Location:</b></p><p>In this field experiment data was collected at York University, Keele St. and York Blvd, in the Grassland and woodlots. Weather was rainy and cloudy; a bit of light covered the grassland but not the woodlots.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> Quadrat sampling was used in this field experiment. In this technique a quadrat, which covers area of 1 m², was put randomly on the grounds 10 times in grassland and 10 times in woodlots. In each time number of species of insects and organisms present in the quadrat was visually observed and recorded.</p> <p><b>Key to variables: </b></p> <p>Variables were number of species and number of organisms. </p> <p>Number of organisms was calculated visually by simply counting number of insects in each quadrat. This variable is quantitative and categorical. </p> <p>Number of species was calculated visually by counting the types of insects in each quadrat. This variable is quantitative and categorical as well.</p> <p><b>Prediction:</b></p><p>It was predicted that number of insect species and organisms would be less in woodlot than in grassland.</p> <p><b>Hypothesis:</b></p><p>It was hypothesis that more insect species live in grassland than in woodlot. The hypothesis was made based on the observation that Grassland is covered more with flowers and grass so pollinator insects such as bees would be found more in grassland than in woodlot, which is more covered with tall trees rather than grass and flowers. </p> <p> </p

YorkU.Woodlot.Sept20-2016.CSV

<p>This study was conducted to measure the diameter at breast height (dbh) of adult trees in pairs and the distance between them in woodlots, at York University around 3:30pm- 5:00pm.</p><br><br><p>Location: Data was collected at York University, at Keele St. and York Blvd, in the Woodlots.</p><br><p>Methods: In this field experiment,  transects measuring tapes were used to determine the distance between 10 pairs of sugar maple trees. The diameters were measured from the middle of the tree trunks, using a tape measure. Canopy coverage was determined by making square with fingers and holding it up, in order to gain an estimate regarding how much of the sky was seen. </p><br><p>Key to variables: Diameter at breast height (dbh), distance to nearest species, and canopy coverage were continuous and quantitative variables. </p><br><br><p>Prediction: It was predicted that the distance between two trees with a low dbh would be less than those with a greater dbh, since the smaller the dbh, the smaller the tree and therefore, the less branches and canopy coverage it would have. Thus, the space it occupies would be less and the trees could form closer to each other.</p><br><p>Hypothesis: Tree pairs with lower dbh are closer to each other than pairs with greater dbh. Also canopy coverage is greater for trees with a higher dbh. </p><br

yorkU.woodlot.sept20-2016.CSV

<p>This study was conducted to measure the diameter at breast height (dbh) of adult trees in pairs and the distance between them in woodlots, at York University around 3:30pm- 5:00pm.</p><br><br><p>Location: Data was collected at York University, at Keele St. and York Blvd, in the Woodlots.</p><br><p>Methods: In this field experiment,  transects measuring tapes were used to determine the distance between 10 pairs of sugar maple trees. The diameters were measured from the middle of the tree trunks, using a tape measure. Canopy coverage was determined by making square with fingers and holding it up, in order to gain an estimate regarding how much of the sky was seen. </p><br><p>Key to variables: Diameter at breast height (dbh), distance to nearest species, and canopy coverage were continuous and quantitative variables. </p><br><br><p>Prediction: It was predicted that the distance between two trees with a low dbh would be less than those with a greater dbh, since the smaller the dbh, the smaller the tree and therefore, the less branches and canopy coverage it would have. Thus, the space it occupies would be less and the trees could form closer to each other.</p><br><p>Hypothesis: Tree pairs with lower dbh are closer to each other than pairs with greater dbh. Also canopy coverage is greater for trees with a higher dbh. </p><br

yorku.grassland.sept20-2016.csv

<p>This study was conducted to measure different plant species in the grassland and compare the ratio of grass to the other kinds of vegetation at York university, around 3:30pm- 5:00pm.</p><br><p>Location: Data was collected at York University, at Keele St. and York Blvd, in the Grasslands. Weather condition near the field site was sunny.</p><br><p>Methods: Field experiment was conducted using quadrat sampling technique. This technique involved the use of quadrats that were in a square frame, made of pvc piping, which measured 1 m2  area. In the study, 25 trial were conducted within 1.5 hours. Half of the measurements were done by counting areas that were under the sun, where as the other half were under the shade. In each trial, the number of the plants, species, the total population of the grass, as well as vegetation were recorded. </p><br><p>Key to Variables: The variables in this field experiments were: number of plants, the number of species, the total population, percentage of vegetation and grass coverage . Number of plants and species and total population were quantitative and categorical type. They were all counted from top left to the bottom right of the quadrant. The percentage of vegetation and grass coverage are quantitative and categorical variables.</p><br><p>Prediction: It was predicted that the sites located under the sun would have a greater variation of species, since different types of vegetation require more sunlight energy in order to grow taller, as compared to grass. </p><br>Hypothesis: Grass is more abundant under shaded areas, than areas exposed to sunlight. The abundance of vegetation decreased in the shade

Yorku.forest.October 25.2016.csv

<p><b><u>Data Column Headers and Descriptions:</u></b></p> <p><b>census: </b>refers to the number of weeks of observations that have taken place to date for the campus ecology survey in BIOL 2050 Lab Section 02. Continuous (numerical) variable.</p> <p><b>habitat: </b>refers to the habitat in which observations were recorded. The habitat that was assessed is a forest. Forest is defined as a woodlot on campus.</p> <p><b>lat</b>: refers to the latitude at which observations were recorded. Latitude was approximated using Google Maps.</p> <p><b>elevation: </b>refers to the elevation at which observations were recorded.</p> <p><b>long</b>: refers to the longitude at which observations were recorded. Longitude was approximated using Google Maps.</p> <p><b>rep: </b>refers to the replicate; each replicate is a repetition of the experimental condition.</p> <p><b>abundance.native.plants: </b>refers to the number of native plants. Native plants are defined as those plants that develop naturally or existed in the area for a long time. Continuous (numerical) variable.</p> <p><b>abundance.exotic.plants:</b> refers to the number of exotic plants. Exotic plants are defined as those plants that do not originate from the location of the study. Continuous (numerical) variable.</p> <p><b>total.number.flowers (quadrat)</b>: refers to the total number of flowers counted in a quadrat. Continuous (numerical) variable.</p> <p><b>abundance.woody.plants: </b>refers to the total number of woody plants counted. Woody plant is defined as a plant that is greater than 1.5 meters in height. Continuous (numerical) variable.</p> <p><b>canopy.cover: </b>refers to the coverage area of the projecting tree crown. Expressed as a percentage. Continuous (numerical) variable.</p> <p><b>ground.cover: </b>refers to the estimated proportion of vegetative ground cover. Expressed as a percentage. Continuous (numerical) variable.</p> <p><b>total.flower.number (transect)</b>: refers to the number of flowers counted within 0.5 meters of the transect. Continuous (numerical) variable.</p> <p><b>abundance.vertebrates</b>: the number of vertebrates (animals) observed within a 50-meter radius in a 15-minute interval. Continuous (numerical) variable.</p> <p><b>vertebrate.richness: </b>refers to the number of species of vertebrates that were observed. Categorical variable.</p> <p><b>abundance.human: </b>the number of humans observed within a 50-meter radius in a 15-minute interval. These humans were only recorded if they did not belong to the BIOL 2050 laboratory. Continuous (numerical) variable.</p> <p><b>abundance.invertebrates.pantraps: </b>refers to the number of invertebrates counted in the soapy-water-filled bowls after 30 minutes.  Continuous (numerical) variable.</p> <p><b>abundance.invertebrates.sweeps: </b>refers to the number of invertebrates counted inside the sweep nets after swinging for 50m. Continuous (numerical) variable.</p> <p><b>abundance.invertebrates.observed: </b>the number of invertebrates (insects) observed within a 5-meter radius in a 15-minute interval. Continuous (numerical) variable.</p> <p><b><u>Additional Information:</u></b></p> <p><b>Hypothesis and Predictions: </b></p> <p>A. It was hypothesized that fewer invertebrates and vertebrates will be found in the forest as temperature decreases.</p> <p>It is predicted that fewer vertebrates will be observed in the forest on October 25^th, 2016 than were observed on September 27^th, 2016 after surveying a 50-meter radius for 15 minutes. It is also predicted that fewer invertebrates will be observed in the forest on October 25^th, 2016 than were observed on September 27^th, 2016 after surveying a 50-meter radius for 15 minutes </p> <p>It is predicted that there will be less invertebrates in the pan traps on October 25^th, 2016 than there were on September 27th, 2016. It was also predicted that there will be fewer invertebrates in the sweep nets on October 25th, 2016 than there were on September 27th, 2016.</p> <p>B. It is hypothesized that there will be a negative relationship between the 2 variables, (abundance of native and exotic plants) in the forest, because the plant species will compete with each other for resources (light, space, food).</p> <p>It is predicted that as the abundance of native plants increases, the fewer exotic plants you will see present the forest.</p> <p>C. It was hypothesized that there is a negative correlation between number of the woody plants and total number of the flowers in the forest. It was predicted that number woody plants will be higher than number of the flowers. The reason is that the percentage of the canopy coverage is higher near the woody plants, therefore blocking the sunlight for the growth of the vegetation and flowers below the trees. Sunlight is an essential source for the growth and photosynthesis of the flowers, less exposure will result in less growth of the small plants.</p> <p><b>Time Data Was Collected</b>: Tuesday, October 25, 2016. 2:45-3:15 EST.</p> <p><b>Location of Data</b>: Forest at York University. Latitude and longitude: 43.768756, -79.5079 and 126.30201.</p> <p><b>Weather Conditions: </b>9 degrees Celsius, sunny, clear conditions.</p> <p><b>Survey Method</b>:</p> <p>A. The field experiment was conducted using the quadrat sampling technique. A 50m transect was placed on the ground in the forest. An individual would walk along this transect and place a quadrat every 2 meters, alternating left and right along the transect. Each time the quadrats were placed, the total number of exotic and native plants, as well as the total number of flowers within the quadrats were counted and recorded. This sampling technique was repeated for a total of 25 times.</p> <p>B. This experiment was completed using transects. 25 replicates were conducted in the forest. Every two meters along a transect of 50 meters, abundance of woody plants was measured on either side of the transect within 0.5 meters. At these points canopy coverage was observed and recorded by making a square with fingers and holding up and estimating how much of sky you can see. Using the same method the ground coverage was estimated. To measure the ground coverage, a visual area was divided into quadrats, then sum the area covered. At end the total number of flowers was also recorded.</p> <p>C. A 50-meter transect was established perpendicular to the periphery of the forest. Standing at the beginning of the transect, a 50-meter radius was surveyed. The number of vertebrates, the types of vertebrate species, and the number of people (who were not members of the BIOL 2050 Ecology Lab) observed in 15 minutes were recorded. Then, a 5-meter radius from the beginning of the transect was surveyed for 15 minutes. The number of individual invertebrates observed within this 5-meter radius in 15 minutes was recorded.</p> <p>D. 12 bowls with a 6cm diameter and 5cm depth were filled with soapy water and placed in 3m intervals in the forest. The bowl colors were alternated between yellow, blue, and white. The bowls were left for 30 minutes and then the number of invertebrates in the bowl was counted. While waiting the 30 minutes for the pan trap bowls, 50 meters were walked while swinging a sweep net with a 32 cm and a depth of 73 cm from side to side. At the end of the 50 meters, the number of invertebrates captured inside was counted and then the invertebrates released back to the forest.</p> <p><b>Equipment Used: </b></p> <p><b>- </b>transects</p> <p>- 12 plastic bowls with a 6cm diameter and 5cm depth. 4 bowls were blue, 4 bowls were white, and 4 bowls were yellow. </p> <p>- 1 sweep net with a diameter of 32 cm and a depth of 73 cm was used to conduct all the sweep net trials.</p> <p>- quadrats measuring 1 meter by 1 meter</p