Introduction and review of Toshihiko Izutsu’s meted in his book “Ethico-religious concepts in the Qurān”

One of the important scientist of the Quran’s Semantics is Toshihiko Izutsu and the books of this era is “Ethics-religious concepts in the Quran”; this book consists of three parts: One preface, eleven chapter and one conclusion. This study Describesandanalyzesthe book of Izutsu. According this book, Ethics-religious concepts of Quran, are in two categories: The first category are Moralencountersthat Quran Confirms, corrects or opposite with them; e.g.Pessimisticpictureof Terrestrial life, Tribal and Ethnic solidarity and oldvirtuesof Arabs. The second category are the main conceptsof ethics that each of them included most ofthe Moralwords which include: ‘atheism’, ‘dissemblance’, ‘Faith’, ‘Goodness’ and ‘vice’. The authorin this book FocusonQuran.So that, “Quranitself says and itselfinterpretitsconcepts”. Therefore, focused on the relationships between words too much, and each of the conceptsExplainedAccording to the antonyms and synonyms words. His methods in this book have several characteristics: elucidationdifferent views, presentationof new theories, many references to the Quran verses, avoid of precipitant and Attention to various aspects, belief in the integrity and morality of Quran topics, Belief in moral relativism, following of logical courseinpresentations,Belief inlinguisticrelativity and Textorientation. The advantagesamong this work are: “suitableCategories”, “Trying toextractwords meanings of Qur’an itself” and “Useofdifferent sources for the Writingbook”.But the shortcomings of this book are: There are errors in the booke.g.Wronginthe verses of Quran mentioned, not referred to the Shi'ite sources in the examples, Lack of attention to various aspectsand Multiplemeaningsof words.Withall,Impartially, Izutsupresented Ethics-religious concepts in the Quran and successful in this sense. Because if Considered his theory whiteout exaggerate and grandiosity, Opens the path to a comprehensive investigation in the field of Quran’ssemantics

Occurrence of airborne vancomycin- and gentamicin-resistant bacteria in various hospital wards in Isfahan, Iran

Background: Airborne transmission of pathogenic resistant bacteria is well recognized as an important route for the acquisition of a wide range of nosocomial infections in hospitals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of airborne vancomycin and gentamicin (VM and GM) resistant bacteria in different wards of four educational hospitals. Materials and Methods: A total of 64 air samples were collected from operating theater (OT), Intensive Care Unit (ICU), surgery ward, and internal medicine ward of four educational hospitals in Isfahan, Iran. Airborne culturable bacteria were collected using all glass impingers. Samples were analyzed for the detection of VM- and GM-resistant bacteria. Results: The average level of bacteria ranged from 99 to 1079 CFU/m3. The highest level of airborne bacteria was observed in hospital 4 (628 CFU/m3) and the highest average concentration of GM- and VM-resistant airborne bacteria were found in hospital 3 (22 CFU/m3). The mean concentration of airborne bacteria was the lowest in OT wards and GM- and VM-resistant airborne bacteria were not detected in this ward of hospitals. The highest prevalence of antibiotic-resistant airborne bacteria was observed in ICU ward. There was a statistically significant difference for the prevalence of VM-resistant bacteria between hospital wards (P = 0.012). Conclusion: Our finding showed that the relatively high prevalence of VM- and GM-resistant airborne bacteria in ICUs could be a great concern from the point of view of patients' health. These results confirm the necessity of application of effective control measures which significantly decrease the exposure of high-risk patients to potentially airborne nosocomial infections

Atmospheric Pollutants in an Iranian Industrial Metropolis: Spatiotemporal Analyses Associated with Health Risks and Photochemical Pollutions

Background: The present research addressed the spatiotemporal variations in such pollutants as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) in the atmosphere of Arak, a city in central Iran. Also, the health risk evaluation and ozone formation potential (OFP) were assessed. Methods: The air samples were collected and evaluated through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) over a one-year period. Results: The overall BTEX levels ranged between 2.7-256 µgr/m3. The seasonal levels showed considerable variations among benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, and the levels of total BTEX. Comparison of the air samples between morning and evening for the concentrations of BTEX components revealed that the values were higher in the evening; however, there were no significant differences observed among them. The spatial map indicated that the maximal concentration of BTEX components occurred in high-traffic zones of the city. The maximal and minimal OFP levels were recorded in the summer (254.8 µgr/m3) and autumn (64.9 µgr/m3), respectively. The average toluene/benzene (T/B) ratio found to be 4.3, indicating the fuel combustion was the major source of atmospheric BTEX from vehicles. Conclusion: The measured cancer risk value for benzene (6.68×10-5) was higher than those recommended by the WHO and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Therefore, exposure to atmospheric benzene had a carcinogenic risk for Arak inhabitants. This needs further investigation in future studies. The acceptable hazard quotients (<1) for all BTEX species posed minimal risks of non-cancer diseases for the population

Detection of antibiotic resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in various hospital environments: potential sources for transmission of Acinetobacter infections

Abstract Background Antibiotic resistant Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as one of the most problematic hospital acquired pathogens around the world. This study was designed to investigate the presence of antibiotic resistant A. baumannii in various hospital environments. Methods Air, water and inanimate surface samples were taken in different wards of four hospitals and analyzed for the presence of A. baumannii. Confirmed A. baumannii isolates were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility and also screened for the presence of three most common OXA- type carbapenemase-encoding genes. Results A. baumannii was detected in 11% (7/64) of air samples with the highest recovery in intensive care units (ICUs). A. baumannii was also detected in 17% (7/42) and 2% (1/42) of surface and water samples, respectively. A total of 40 A. baumannii isolates were recovered and analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility showed the highest resistance towards ceftazidime (92.5%, 37/40). 85% (34/40) and 80% (32/40) of the isolates were also resistant to imipenem and gentamicin, respectively. Resistance genes analysis showed that 77.5% (31/40) strains contained OXA-23 and 5% (2/40) strains contained OXA-24, but OXA-58 was not detected in any of the strains. Conclusion Detection of antibiotic resistant A. baumannii in various samples revealed that hospital environments could act as a potential source for transmission of A. baumannii infections especially in ICUs. These results emphasize the importance of early detection and implementation of control measures to prevent the spread of A. baumannii in hospital environments