The calcium-Activated potassium channel KCa3.1 is an important modulator of hepatic injury

The calcium-Activated potassium channel KCa3.1 controls different cellular processes such as proliferation and volume homeostasis. We investigated the role of KCa3.1 in experimental and human liver fibrosis. KCa3.1 gene expression was investigated in healthy and injured human and rodent liver. Effect of genetic depletion and pharmacological inhibition of KCa3.1 was evaluated in mice during carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic fibrogenesis. Transcription, protein expression and localisation of KCa3.1 was analysed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Hemodynamic effects of KCa3.1 inhibition were investigated in bile duct-ligated and carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats. In vitro experiments were performed in rat hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes. KCa3.1 expression was increased in rodent and human liver fibrosis and was predominantly observed in the hepatocytes. Inhibition of KCa3.1 aggravated liver fibrosis during carbon tetrachloride challenge but did not change hemodynamic parameters in portal hypertensive rats. In vitro, KCa3.1 inhibition leads to increased hepatocyte apoptosis and DNA damage, whereas proliferation of hepatic stellate cells was stimulated by KCa3.1 inhibition. Our data identifies KCa3.1 channels as important modulators in hepatocellular homeostasis. In contrast to previous studies in vitro and other tissues this channel appears to be anti-fibrotic and protective during liver injury

High Expression of KCa3.1 in Patients with Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma Predicts High Metastatic Risk and Poor Survival

Ca2+-activated K+ channels have been implicated in cancer cell growth, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis. Here we hypothesized that high mRNA and protein expression of the intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel, KCa3.1, is a molecular marker of clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) and metastatic potential and survival.We analyzed channel expression by qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and patch-clamp in ccRCC and benign oncocytoma specimens, in primary ccRCC and oncocytoma cell lines, as well as in two ccRCC cell lines (Caki-1 and Caki-2). CcRCC specimens contained 12-fold higher mRNA levels of KCa3.1 than oncocytoma specimens. The large-conductance channel, KCa1.1, was 3-fold more highly expressed in ccRCC than in oncocytoma. KCa3.1 mRNA expression in ccRCC was 2-fold higher than in the healthy cortex of the same kidney. Disease specific survival trended towards reduction in the subgroup of high-KCa3.1-expressing tumors (p<0.08 vs. low-KCa3.1-expressing tumors). Progression-free survival (time to metastasis/recurrence) was reduced significantly in the subgroup of high-KCa3.1-expressing tumors (p<0.02, vs. low-KCa3.1-expressing tumors). Immunohistochemistry revealed high protein expression of KCa3.1 in tumor vessels of ccRCC and oncocytoma and in a subset of ccRCC cells. Oncocytoma cells were devoid of KCa3.1 protein. In a primary ccRCC cell line and Caki-1/2-ccRCC cells, we found KCa3.1-protein as well as TRAM-34-sensitive KCa3.1-currents in a subset of cells. Furthermore, Caki-1/2-ccRCC cells displayed functional Paxilline-sensitive KCa1.1 currents. Neither KCa3.1 nor KCa1.1 were found in a primary oncocytoma cell line. Yet KCa-blockers, like TRAM-34 (KCa3.1) and Paxilline (KCa1.1), had no appreciable effects on Caki-1 proliferation in-vitro.Our study demonstrated expression of KCa3.1 in ccRCC but not in benign oncocytoma. Moreover, high KCa3.1-mRNA expression levels were indicative of low disease specific survival of ccRCC patients, short progression-free survival, and a high metastatic potential. Therefore, KCa3.1 is of prognostic value in ccRCC

Clinical and demographic data of ccRCC and oncocytoma.

<p>Clinical and demographic data of ccRCC and oncocytoma.</p

Gene assays used for TaqMan RT-PCR.

<p>Gene assays used for TaqMan RT-PCR.</p

Immunohistochemical staining for KCa3.1 in ccRCC and oncocytoma.

<p>Immunohistochemical staining for KCa3.1 in ccRCC (A) and oncocytoma (B) shows strong staining of tumor vessels (long arrows) in both tumor subtypes. In ccRCC, a few tumor cells or possibly stroma cells show some KCa3.1 expression (“block” arrow). Immunohistochemical staining for KCa1.1 in ccRCC (C) and oncocytoma (D) shows staining of the cell membrane of the tumor clear cells (long arrow), whereas no staining of the tumor cells was observed in the oncocytoma. “Block” arrow indicates staining of immune cells. Original magnification, x200.</p

Immunocytochemical staining for KCa3.1 in a ccRCC cell line.

<p>Immunohistochemical staining for KCa3.1 in a primary ccRCC cell line showed relatively weak and heterogeneous membrane staining and an intense staining of presumably the endoplasmic reticulum around nuclei (A). Similar pattern of KCa3.1-staining was seen in Caki-1 cells (B), while primary oncocytoma cells lacked KCa3.1-stain (C). KCa3.1-transfected HEK cells served as a positive control (D). Immunohistochemical staining for KCa1.1 in primary ccRCC showed a weak staining of the membrane (E), whereas no staining was observed in the primary oncocytoma (F). A glioblastoma cell line (U251 MG) served as positive control for KCa1.1 (G-H). Original magnification, 200x.</p

Univariate and multivariate cox regression.

<p>* p-value < 0.05</p><p>**p-value < 0.01</p><p>*** p-value < 0.001</p><p>NS: non-significant</p><p>Univariate and multivariate cox regression.</p

KCa3.1-mRNA expression levels are a significant prognostic indicator of Progression Free Survival in ccRCC.

<p>A-C: Kaplan Meier survival analysis indicates that patients with high KCa3.1-mRNA expression have a significantly shorter Progression Free Survival (p = 0.02). Moreover, we found a trend towards a significantly shorter Disease Specific Survival for patients with a high KCa3.1 mRNA expression (p = 0.08).</p

Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of KCa3.1 and KCa1.1 mRNA in oncocytoma and ccRCC together with paired normal renal cortex.

<p>Mean + SEM is shown. KCa3.1 gene expression is shown relative to reference gene expression of multiple reference genes and KCa1.1 gene expression relative to reference gene TBP. A) Comparison of KCa3.1 gene expression in tumor tissue from oncocytoma and ccRCC together with paired unaffected renal cortex, B) Comparison of KCa1.1 gene expression in tumor tissue from oncocytoma and ccRCC together with paired unaffected renal cortex C) KCa3.1 gene expression in ccRCC tumors with and without metastasis, D) Comparison of KCa3.1 gene expression in different TNM stages of ccRCC. *p < 0.05, **p< 0.01 ***p < 0.001. ns = non-significant.</p

Immunofluorescent staining for CD8 and KCa3.1 in ccRCC and oncocytoma.

<p>Immunofluorescence of CD8 (red) and KCa3.1 (green) in ccRCC (A) and oncocytoma (B). Large arrows indicate T cells positive for CD8 and KCa3.1. Small arrows indicate T cells positive for CD8 but KCa3.1-negative. Grey arrows indicate erythrocytes within tumor vessels that exhibited staining for KCa3.1 and CD8 that could be, however, auto-fluorescence. (C) Quantification of CD8-positive T cells, KCa3.1-positive CD8 T cells, and other cells in ccRCC and oncocytoma tumor tissues. Data are given as mean ± SEM. Number of tumors: n = 7, each; * p<0.05 ccRCC vs. oncocytoma, One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey <i>post hoc</i> test.</p