Self-charging metering and dispensing device for fluids

A self-metering and dispensing device for fluids obtained from a pressurized fluid supply is discussed. Tubing and valving means permit the introduction of fluid into and discharge from a closed cylindrical reservoir. The reservoir contains a slideably disposed piston co-acting with a coil compression spring, with piston travel determining the amount of fluid in the reservoir. Once the determined amount of fluid is introduced into the reservoir, the fluid is discharged by the force of the coil compression spring acting upon the piston

Differential thermal analysis of lunar soil simulant

Differential thermal analysis of a lunar soil simulant, 'Minnesota Lunar Simulant-1' (MLS-1) was performed. The MLS-1 was tested in as-received form (in glass form) and with another silica. The silica addition was seen to depress nucleation events which lead to a better glass former

Trace element content and magnetic properties of commercial HOPG samples studied by ion beam microscopy and SQUID magnetometry

In this study, the impurity concentration and magnetic response of nine highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) samples with different grades and from different providers were determined using ion beam microscopy and SQUID magnetometry. Apart from sideface contaminations in the as-received state, bulk contamination of the samples in most cases consists of disk-shaped micron-sized particles made of Ti and V with an additional Fe contamination around the grain perimeter. The saturation magnetization typically increases with Fe concentration, however, there is no simple correlation between Fe content and magnetic moment. The saturation magnetization of one, respectively six, out of nine samples clearly exceeds the maximum contribution from pure Fe or Fe3C. For most samples the temperature dependence of the remanence decreases linearly with T - a dependence found previously for defect-induced magnetism (DIM) in HOPG. We conclude that apart from magnetic impurities, additional contribution to the ferromagnetic magnetization exists in pristine HOPG in agreement with previous studies. A comparative study between the results of ion beam microscopy and the commonly used EDX analysis shows clearly that EDX is not a reliable method for quantitative trace elemental analysis in graphite, clarifying weaknesses and discrepancies in the element concentrations given in the recent literature.Comment: submitted to Carbo

Development of a bedrest muscle stress apparatus

In attempting further to define the deleterious effects of spaceflight on the human body, measurement systems and techniques were devised to determine the loss of skeletal muscle strength and tone as a result of spaceflight exposure. In order to determine how the muscle degradation process progresses with time during nonuse, a system for measuring muscle stress during bedrest was developed. The Bedrest Muscle Stress Apparatus is configured to slip snugly over the foot board of a standard hospital bed. Data collected with this device correlated well with pre- and post-bedrest data collected with the original skeletal muscle stress apparatus

The distribution and taxonomy of Kangaroo rats (genus dipodomys) of Utah

journal articleThe first comprehensive work on the mammals of Utah was published by Barnes in 1922. In this work (Barnes 1922:86-87) only two kangaroo rats were known from the confines of the state. They were known at that time as Perodipus montcmus utahensis and Perodipus longipes. In Barnes revised edition (1927:107-108) these same two forms were still the only ones recognized for the state. They were now named Dipodomys ordii utahensis and Dipodomys ordii longipes. Grinnell (1919:203) had synonymized perodipus under the older name Dipodomys. Goldman (1917:109) placed these two Utah forms under Dipodomys ordii

Unnesting of Copatterns

Inductive data such as finite lists and trees can elegantly be defined by constructors which allow programmers to analyze and manipulate finite data via pattern matching. Dually, coinductive data such as streams can be defined by observations such as head and tail and programmers can synthesize infinite data via copattern matching. This leads to a symmetric language where finite and infinite data can be nested. In this paper, we compile nested pattern and copattern matching into a core language which only supports simple non-nested (co)pattern matching. This core language may serve as an intermediate language of a compiler. We show that this translation is conservative, i.e. the multi-step reduction relation in both languages coincides for terms of the original language. Furthermore, we show that the translation preserves strong and weak normalisation: a term of the original language is strongly/weakly normalising in one language if and only if it is so in the other. In the proof we develop more general criteria which guarantee that extensions of abstract reduction systems are conservative and preserve strong or weak normalisation. \ua9 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

The role of hydrogen in room-temperature ferromagnetism at graphite surfaces

We present a x-ray dichroism study of graphite surfaces that addresses the origin and magnitude of ferromagnetism in metal-free carbon. We find that, in addition to carbon $\pi$ states, also hydrogen-mediated electronic states exhibit a net spin polarization with significant magnetic remanence at room temperature. The observed magnetism is restricted to the top $\approx$10 nm of the irradiated sample where the actual magnetization reaches $\simeq 15$ emu/g at room temperature. We prove that the ferromagnetism found in metal-free untreated graphite is intrinsic and has a similar origin as the one found in proton bombarded graphite.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, submitted to New Journal of Physic