Resource variables included in resource selection function models for feeding sites used by mountain lions preying on mule deer in southern California, 2002–2015.

<p>Resource variables included in resource selection function models for feeding sites used by mountain lions preying on mule deer in southern California, 2002–2015.</p

Comparison of model fit between models of varying complexity.

<p>Shown are Akaike’s Information Criteria (AIC) and differences between best model and competing models (ΔAIC).</p

Relative probability of use of mule deer feeding sites by female mountain lions in the Santa Monica Mountains and Simi Hills, southern California, 2002–2015.

<p>Relative probability of use predicted by generalized linear mixed model of resource selection.</p

Results of mixed-effect resource selection models for mountain lions at mule deer feeding sites in and adjacent to Los Angeles in southern California, 2002–2015.

<p>Shown are β coefficients and 95% and 90% confidence intervals. Significant and marginally significant fixed effects, based on 95% and 90% confidence intervals, respectively, shown in bold. Note that for classification-based variables (elevation and slope) positive β indicate selection, negative β indicate avoidance. All other variables are distance-based, so negative β indicate selection, positive β indicate avoidance. Also shown are the mean values at mule deer feeding sites used by mountain lions.</p

Greater Los Angeles area in southern California where we studied mountain lion predation on mule deer.

<p>Shown are sites where mountain lions fed on mule deer (Predation Sites), major freeways, protected parklands, areas of urban development, and agricultural areas.</p

Relative probability of use of mule deer feeding sites by male mountain lions selection in the Santa Monica Mountains and Simi Hills, southern California, 2002–2015.

<p>Relative probability of use predicted by generalized linear mixed model of resource selection.</p

Serieys_Fig_S1_ESM.pdf from Urbanization and anticoagulant poisons promote immune dysfunction in bobcats

Boxplots showing the percent urban area in buffer zones for bobcats with ARs detected in blood (exposed) compared with bobcats with no ARs detected (unexposed)

Serieys_Fig_S3_ESM.pdf from Urbanization and anticoagulant poisons promote immune dysfunction in bobcats

a) Receiver operator curves for a random forests model that use a suite of 65 health measures to predict AR exposure. b) Results presented are from a model that also includes urban land use information. The performance of each model as quantified by area under the curve (AUC), where a higher value indicates better performance, are also noted on each panel

Serieys_Supp_Fig_Captions_ESM.docx from Urbanization and anticoagulant poisons promote immune dysfunction in bobcats

Understanding how human activities influence immune response to environmental stressors can support biodiversity conservation across increasingly urbanizing landscapes. We studied a bobcat (<i>Lynx rufus</i>) population in urban southern California that experienced a rapid population decline from 2002–2005 due to notoedric mange. Because anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) exposure was an underlying complication in mange deaths, we aimed to understand sublethal contributions of urbanization and ARs on 65 biochemical markers of immune and organ function. Variance in immunological variables was primarily associated with AR exposure and secondarily with urbanization. Use of urban habitat and AR exposure has pervasive, complex and predictable effects on biochemical markers of immune and organ function in free-ranging bobcats that include impacts on neutrophil, lymphocyte and cytokine populations, total bilirubin and phosphorus. We find evidence of both inflammatory response and immune suppression associated with urban land use and rat poison exposure that could influence susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Consequently, AR exposure may influence mortality and has population-level effects, as previous work in the focal population has revealed substantial mortality caused by mange infection. The secondary effects of anticoagulant exposure may be a worldwide, largely unrecognized problem affecting a variety of vertebrate species in human-dominated environments

Serieys_Methods_Results_ESM.docx from Urbanization and anticoagulant poisons promote immune dysfunction in bobcats

Supplementary methods and results referenced in main text