Seed-derived microbial colonization of Wild Emmer and domesticated bread wheat (Triticum dicoccoides and T. aestivum) seedlings shows pronounced differences in overall diversity and composition

The composition of the plant microbiota may be altered by ecological and evolutionary changes in the host population. Seed-associated microbiota, expected to be largely vertically transferred, have the potential to coadapt with their host over generations. Strong directional selection and changes in the genetic composition of plants during domestication and cultivation may have impacted the assembly and transmission of seed-associated microbiota. Nonetheless, the effect of plant speciation and domestication on the composition of these microbes is poorly understood. Here, we have investigated the composition of bacteria and fungi associated with the wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) and domesticated bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). We show that vertically transmitted bacteria, but not fungi, of domesticated bread wheat species T. aestivum are less diverse and more inconsistent among individual plants compared to those of the wild emmer wheat species T. dicoccoides. We propagated wheat seeds under sterile conditions to characterize the colonization of seedlings by seed-associated microbes. Hereby, we show markedly different community compositions and diversities of leaf and root colonizers of the domesticated bread wheat compared to the wild emmer wheat. By propagating the wild emmer wheat and domesticated bread wheat in two different soils, we furthermore reveal a small effect of plant genotype on microbiota assembly. Our results suggest that domestication and prolonged breeding have impacted the vertically transferred bacteria, but only to a lesser extent have affected the soil-derived microbiota of bread wheat.IMPORTANCE Genetic and physiological changes associated with plant domestication have been studied for many crop species. Still little is known about the impact of domestication on the plant-associated microbiota. In this study, we analyze the seed-associated and soil-derived bacterial and fungal microbiota of domesticated bread wheat and wild emmer wheat. We show a significant difference in the seed-associated, but not soil-derived, bacterial communities of the wheat species. Interestingly, we find less pronounced effects on the fungal communities. Overall, this study provides novel insight into the diversity of vertically transmitted microbiota of wheat and thereby contributes to our understanding of wheat as a “}metaorganism.{” Insight into the wheat microbiota is of fundamental importance for the development of improved crops

Ulepszone rozmnażanie in vitro Hyacin-thus orientalis L. przy użyciu owoców zawierających niedojrzałe zarodki zygotyczne oraz pochwy liściowej jako eksplantów

Hyacinthus genus is an important group of ornamental plants that bear white, yellow, pink, red or purple coloured flowers. It has about 2000 species spread around the world that are grown commercially. Although, plant occurs naturally in Turkey yet efforts have not been made to adapt it for open field cultivation. There is need to transfer and establish these plants from wild to fields for commercial use through in vitro and ex vitro approaches, that will help local economy profitably. This study reports in vitro culture of Hyacinthus orientalis L. subsp. orientalis; using fruits containing immature zygotic embryos cultured on MS medium containing varying concentrations of Thidiazuron (TDZ) with and without 0.2 mg l-1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) supplemented with 20 or 40 g l-1 sucrose. The study also reports induction of bulblets on tender leaf sheaths on MS medium containing different concentrations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) + 0.1 mg l-1 NAA supplemented with 30 g l-1 sucrose. The maximum bulblet regeneration (40%) with 31.33 bulblets/explant was noted on MS medium containing 0.15 mg l-1 TDZ supplemented with 40 g l-1 sucrose. Whereas, the best bulblet regeneration on tender leaf sheath explants was noted on 1.5 mg l-1 BAP + 0.1 mg l-1 NAA with 2.97 bulblets per explant of 0.55 cm bulb diameter and 1.20 leaves per bulblet. These bulblets were cultured singly on MS medium containing 20 mg l-1 GA3 (Gibberellic acid) + 50 g l-1 sucrose and attained a diameter of 0.75–1.00 cm in 30 days time. The bulbs regenerated on both explants were successfully rooted and acclimatised in plant growth chamber using peat moss followed by their transfer to open field conditions.Rodzaj Hyacinthus jest ważną grupą roślin ozdobnych, które mają biało, żółto, różowo, czerwono lub fioletowo zabarwione kwiaty. Na świecie istnieje około 2000 gatunków uprawianych w celach handlowych. Chociaż roślina ta występuje w warunkach naturalnych w Turcji, to konieczne są wysiłki, aby zaadaptować ją do uprawy na otwartym polu. Istnieje potrzeba, aby przenieść i zasiedlić te rośliny z warunków dzikich do polowych za pomocą metod in vitro i ex vitro, co wspomoże lokalną gospodarkę. Badanie dotyczy hodowli Hyacinthus orientalis L. subsp. orientalis w warunkach in vitro, przy użyciu owoców zawierających niedojrzałe zarodki zygotyczne wyhodowane na podłożu MS zwierającym różne stężenia Thidiazuronu (TDZ) oraz z i bez 0,2 mg l-1 kwasu naftylooctowego (NAA) z dodatkiem 20 lub 40 g l-1 sacharozy. Badanie dotyczy również indukcji cebulek na pochwie liściowej na podłożu MS zawierającym różne stężenia benzyloaminopuryny (BAP) + 0.1 mg l-1 NAA z dodatkiem 30 g l-1 sacharozy. Maksymalna regeneracja cebulek (40%) przy 31,33 cebulkach/ eksplantach została zaobserwowana na podłożu MS zawierającym 0,15 mg l-1 TDZ z dodatkiem 40 g l-1 sacharozy. Natomiast najlepszą regenerację cebulek na eksplantach z pochewek liściowych zaobserwowano na 1,5 mg l-1 BAP + 0,1 mg l-1 NAA przy 2.97 cebulkach na eksplant o średnicy cebulki 0,55 cm i 1,20 liściach na cebulkę. Cebulki te były hodowane pojedynczo na podłożu MS zawierającym 20 mg l-1 GA3 (kwas giberelinowy) + 50 g l-1 sacharozy i osiągały średnicę 0,75–1,00 cm w ciągu 30 dni. Cebulki zregenerowane na obydwu eksplantach były dobrze zakorzenione i zaaklimatyzowały się w komorze hodowlanej z mchem torfowym, po czym następowało przeniesienie do warunków otwartego pola