« Ni vu, ni connu », une scénographie de camouflages

Présentée à Lyon au muséum - musée des Confluences au début 2006, l’exposition "Ni vu, ni connu" a servi de cadre à une expérimentation technologique portant sur l’observation du comportement des visiteurs : les concepteurs mettent ici en évidence les partis pris de conception de l’exposition en matière de choix muséologiques – mise en espace du discours, des objets, des œuvres, des dispositifs, des textes – et soulignent les partis pris scénographiques, c’est-à-dire le projet muséographique

Policies to Enhance Prescribing Efficiency in Europe: Findings and Future Implications

Introduction: European countries need to learn from each other to address unsustainable increases in pharmaceutical expenditures. Objective: To assess the influence of the many supply and demand-side initiatives introduced across Europe to enhance prescribing efficiency in ambulatory care. As a result provide future guidance to countries. Methods: Cross national retrospective observational study of utilization (DDDs – defined daily doses) and expenditure (Euros and local currency) of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and statins among 19 European countries and regions principally from 2001 to 2007. Demand-side measures categorized under the “4Es” – education engineering, economics, and enforcement. Results: Instigating supply side initiatives to lower the price of generics combined with demand-side measures to enhance their prescribing is important to maximize prescribing efficiency. Just addressing one component will limit potential efficiency gains. The influence of demand-side reforms appears additive, with multiple initiatives typically having a greater influence on increasing prescribing efficiency than single measures apart from potentially “enforcement.” There are also appreciable differences in expenditure (€/1000 inhabitants/year) between countries. Countries that have not introduced multiple demand side measures to counteract commercial pressures to enhance the prescribing of generics have seen considerably higher expenditures than those that have instigated a range of measures. Conclusions: There are considerable opportunities for European countries to enhance their prescribing efficiency, with countries already learning from each other. The 4E methodology allows European countries to concisely capture the range of current demand-side measures and plan for the future knowing that initiatives can be additive to further enhance their prescribing efficiency

Variation in the prices of oncology medicines across Europe and the implications for the future

Introduction/ Objectives: There are increasing concerns among health authorities regarding the sustainability of healthcare systems with growing expenditure on medicines including new high-priced oncology medicines. Medicine prices among European countries may be adversely affected by their population size and economic power to negotiate. There are also concerns that prices of patented medicines do not change once the prices of medicines used for negotiations substantially change. This needs to be investigated as part of the implications of low-cost generic oncology medicines. Methodology: Analysing principally reimbursed prices of patented oral oncology medicines (imatinib, erlotinib and fludarabine) between 2013 and 2017 across Europe and exploring correlations between GDP, population size, and prices. Comparing the findings with previous research regarding prices of oral generic oncology medicines. Results: The prices of imatinib, erlotinib and fludarabine did vary among European countries but showed limited price erosion over time in the absence of generics. There appeared to be no correlation between population size and prices. However, higher prices were seen among countries with higher GDP per capita which is a concern for lower income countries referencing these. Discussion and Conclusion: It is likely that the limited price erosion for patented oncology medicines will change across Europe with increased scrutiny over their prices and value as more medicines used for pricing decisions lose their patents combined with growing pressures on the oncology drug budget. In addition, discussions will continue regarding fair pricing for new oncology medicines and other approaches given ever rising prices with research showing substantial price reductions for oral oncology medicines (up to -97.8% for imatinib) once generics become available. We are also seeing appreciable price reductions for biosimilars further increasing the likelihood of these developments

Canton de Saugues (Haute-Loire). Inventaire des sites médiévaux désertés de la région de Saugues

Sermet Christian. Canton de Saugues (Haute-Loire). Inventaire des sites médiévaux désertés de la région de Saugues. In: Archéologie médiévale, tome 27, 1997. pp. 145-146

Canton de Saugues (Haute-Loire). Inventaire des sites médiévaux désertés de la région de Saugues

Sermet Christian. Canton de Saugues (Haute-Loire). Inventaire des sites médiévaux désertés de la région de Saugues. In: Archéologie médiévale, tome 27, 1997. pp. 145-146

Montchauvet (Haute-Loire). Site du Montchauvet

Sermet Christian, Raymond José. Montchauvet (Haute-Loire). Site du Montchauvet. In: Archéologie médiévale, tome 25, 1995. p. 303

Montchauvet (Haute-Loire). Site du Montchauvet

Sermet Christian, Raymond José. Montchauvet (Haute-Loire). Site du Montchauvet. In: Archéologie médiévale, tome 25, 1995. p. 303

Montchauvet (Haute-Loire). Site du Montchauvet

Sermet Christian, Raymond José. Montchauvet (Haute-Loire). Site du Montchauvet. In: Archéologie médiévale, tome 25, 1995. p. 303

Région de Saugues (Haute-Loire). Inventaire des sites médiévaux désertés de la région de Saugues

Raymond José, Sermet Christian. Région de Saugues (Haute-Loire). Inventaire des sites médiévaux désertés de la région de Saugues. In: Archéologie médiévale, tome 29, 1999. pp. 391-392

Région de Saugues (Haute-Loire). Inventaire des sites médiévaux désertés de la région de Saugues

Sermet Christian, Raymond José. Région de Saugues (Haute-Loire). Inventaire des sites médiévaux désertés de la région de Saugues. In: Archéologie médiévale, tome 28, 1998. p. 337