6 research outputs found
Electron Microscopy Observation of TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanocrystal Evolution in High-Temperature Atomic Layer Deposition
Understanding the
evolution of amorphous and crystalline phases
during atomic layer deposition (ALD) is essential for creating high
quality dielectrics, multifunctional films/coatings, and predictable
surface functionalization. Through comprehensive atomistic electron
microscopy study of ALD TiO<sub>2</sub> nanostructures at designed
growth cycles, we revealed the transformation process and sequence
of atom arrangement during TiO<sub>2</sub> ALD growth. Evolution of
TiO<sub>2</sub> nanostructures in ALD was found following a path from
amorphous layers to amorphous particles to metastable crystallites
and ultimately to stable crystalline forms. Such a phase evolution
is a manifestation of the OstwaldâLussac Law, which governs
the advent sequence and amount ratio of different phases in high-temperature
TiO<sub>2</sub> ALD nanostructures. The amorphousâcrystalline
mixture also enables a unique anisotropic crystal growth behavior
at high temperature forming TiO<sub>2</sub> nanorods via the principle
of vapor-phase oriented attachment
Probing the Optical Properties and Strain-Tuning of Ultrathin Mo<sub>1â<i>x</i></sub>W<sub><i>x</i></sub>Te<sub>2</sub>
Ultrathin
transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have recently
been extensively investigated to understand their electronic and optical
properties. Here we study ultrathin Mo<sub>0.91</sub>W<sub>0.09</sub>Te<sub>2</sub>, a semiconducting alloy of MoTe<sub>2</sub>, using
Raman, photoluminescence (PL), and optical absorption spectroscopy.
Mo<sub>0.91</sub>W<sub>0.09</sub>Te<sub>2</sub> transitions from an
indirect to a direct optical band gap in the limit of monolayer thickness,
exhibiting an optical gap of 1.10 eV, very close to its MoTe<sub>2</sub> counterpart. We apply tensile strain, for the first time, to monolayer
MoTe<sub>2</sub> and Mo<sub>0.91</sub>W<sub>0.09</sub>Te<sub>2</sub> to tune the band structure of these materials; we observe that their
optical band gaps decrease by 70 meV at 2.3% uniaxial strain. The
spectral widths of the PL peaks decrease with increasing strain, which
we attribute to weaker excitonâphonon intervalley scattering.
Strained MoTe<sub>2</sub> and Mo<sub>0.91</sub>W<sub>0.09</sub>Te<sub>2</sub> extend the range of band gaps of TMDC monolayers further
into the near-infrared, an important attribute for potential applications
in optoelectronics
Characterization of Few-Layer 1TⲠMoTe<sub>2</sub> by Polarization-Resolved Second Harmonic Generation and Raman Scattering
We study the crystal
symmetry of few-layer 1TⲠMoTe<sub>2</sub> using the polarization
dependence of the second harmonic
generation (SHG) and Raman scattering. Bulk 1TⲠMoTe<sub>2</sub> is known to be inversion symmetric; however, we find that the inversion
symmetry is broken for finite crystals with even numbers of layers,
resulting in strong SHG comparable to other transition-metal dichalcogenides.
Group theory analysis of the polarization dependence of the Raman
signals allows for the definitive assignment of all the Raman modes
in 1TⲠMoTe<sub>2</sub> and clears up a discrepancy in the
literature. The Raman results were also compared with density functional
theory simulations and are in excellent agreement with the layer-dependent
variations of the Raman modes. The experimental measurements also
determine the relationship between the crystal axes and the polarization
dependence of the SHG and Raman scattering, which now allows the anisotropy
of polarized SHG or Raman signal to independently determine the crystal
orientation
Nanoscale Heterogeneities in Monolayer MoSe<sub>2</sub> Revealed by Correlated Scanning Probe Microscopy and Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Understanding growth,
grain boundaries (GBs), and defects of emerging
two-dimensional (2D) materials is key to enabling their future applications.
For quick, nondestructive metrology, many studies rely on confocal
Raman spectroscopy, the spatial resolution of which is constrained
by the diffraction limit (âź0.5 Îźm). Here we use tip-enhanced
Raman spectroscopy (TERS) for the first time on synthetic MoSe<sub>2</sub> monolayers, combining it with other scanning probe microscopy
(SPM) techniques, all with sub-20 nm spatial resolution. We uncover
strong nanoscale heterogeneities in the Raman spectra of MoSe<sub>2</sub> transferred to gold substrates [one near 240 cm<sup>â1</sup> (A<sub>1</sub>â˛), and others near 287 cm<sup>â1</sup> (Eâ˛), 340 cm<sup>â1</sup>, and 995 cm<sup>â1</sup>], which are not observable with common confocal techniques and appear
to imply the presence of nanoscale domains of MoO<sub>3</sub>. We
also observe strong tip-enhanced photoluminescence (TEPL), with a
signal nearly an order of magnitude greater than the far-field PL.
Combining TERS with other SPM techniques, we find that GBs can cut
into larger domains of MoSe<sub>2</sub>, and that carrier densities
are higher at GBs than away from them
Electrolyte Stability Determines Scaling Limits for Solid-State 3D Li Ion Batteries
Rechargeable, all-solid-state Li ion batteries (LIBs)
with high
specific capacity and small footprint are highly desirable to power
an emerging class of miniature, autonomous microsystems that operate
without a hardwire for power or communications. A variety of three-dimensional
(3D) LIB architectures that maximize areal energy density has been
proposed to address this need. The success of all of these designs
depends on an ultrathin, conformal electrolyte layer to electrically
isolate the anode and cathode while allowing Li ions to pass through.
However, we find that a substantial reduction in the electrolyte thickness,
into the nanometer regime, can lead to rapid self-discharge of the
battery even when the electrolyte layer is conformal and pinhole free.
We demonstrate this by fabricating individual, solid-state nanowire
coreâmultishell LIBs (NWLIBs) and cycling these inside a transmission
electron microscope. For nanobatteries with the thinnest electrolyte,
â110 nm, we observe rapid self-discharge, along with void formation
at the electrode/electrolyte interface, indicating electrical and
chemical breakdown. With electrolyte thickness increased to 180 nm,
the self-discharge rate is reduced substantially, and the NWLIBs maintain
a potential above 2 V for over 2 h. Analysis of the nanobatteriesâ
electrical characteristics reveals space-charge limited electronic
conduction, which effectively shorts the anode and cathode electrodes
directly through the electrolyte. Our study illustrates that, at these
nanoscale dimensions, the increased electric field can lead to large
electronic current in the electrolyte, effectively shorting the battery.
The scaling of this phenomenon provides useful guidelines for the
future design of 3D LIBs
Rydberg Excitons and Trions in Monolayer MoTe<sub>2</sub>
Monolayer
transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) semiconductors
exhibit strong excitonic optical resonances, which serve as a microscopic,
noninvasive probe into their fundamental properties. Like the hydrogen
atom, such excitons can exhibit an entire Rydberg series of resonances.
Excitons have been extensively studied in most TMDCs (MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, and WSe2), but detailed
exploration of excitonic phenomena has been lacking in the important
TMDC material molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2). Here, we
report an experimental investigation of excitonic luminescence properties
of monolayer MoTe2 to understand the excitonic Rydberg
series, up to 3s. We report a significant modification of emission
energies with temperature (4 to 300 K), thereby quantifying the excitonâphonon
coupling. Furthermore, we observe a strongly gate-tunable excitonâtrion
interplay for all the Rydberg states governed mainly by free-carrier
screening, Pauli blocking, and band gap renormalization in agreement
with the results of first-principles GW plus BetheâSalpeter
equation approach calculations. Our results help bring monolayer MoTe2 closer to its potential applications in near-infrared optoelectronics
and photonic devices