Ecoregions and resulting Pleistocenic refugia.

<p>(a) Ecoregions: Brown- Valdivian Temperate Forest (VTF), green- Chilean Matorral (CM), red- Patagonian Steppe (PS), blue- Magellanic Subpolar Forest (MSF). (b) Late Pleistocenic refugia: Brown- Valdivian Temperate Forest (VTF) refuge, black- Magellanic Subpolar Forest (MSF) refuge, green- overlapping areas between the two refugia, grey- ice sheet.</p

Valdivian Temperate Forest (VTF).

<p>Insect-rich area maps (IAMs), maps with areas where more than 80% of the species models matched (24 or more of the 31 species). (a) Late Pleistocene with the ice sheet. (b) Mid Holocene. (c) Present. (d) <i>in situ</i> refugia (IRM), map with the area where 80% or more of the species have found suitable conditions over all three time periods.</p

Boxplots of temperature related variables.

<p>Comparison of variables with high discrepancy for the Magellanic Subpolar Forest (MSF) and the Valdivian Temperate Forest (VTF) Late Pleistocene refugia (left MSF- right VTF). Boxes represent the upper (in green) and lower (in brown) 25% of the scores and are separated by the median. Units of the y-axes are in brackets beside chart headings.</p

Areal distribution changes of the study species between Late Pleistocene and Present.

<p>Areal distribution changes of the study species between Late Pleistocene and Present.</p

Magellanic Subpolar Forest (MSF).

<p>Insect-rich area maps (IAMs), maps with areas where more than 80% of the species models matched (8 or more of the 10 species). (a) Late Pleistocene with the ice sheet. (b) Mid Holocene. (c) Present. (d) <i>in situ</i> refugia (IRM), map with the area where 80% or more of the species have found suitable conditions over all three time periods.</p

Chilean Matorral (CM).

<p>Insect-rich area maps (IAMs), maps with areas where more than 80% of the species models matched (8 or more of the 10 species). (a) Late Pleistocene with the ice sheet. (b) Mid Holocene. (c) Present. (d) <i>in situ</i> refugia (IRM), map with the area where 80% or more of the species have found suitable conditions over all three time periods.</p

Boxplots of precipitation related variables.

<p>Comparison of variables with high discrepancy for the Magellanic Subpolar Forest (MSF) and the Valdivian Temperate Forest (VTF) Late Pleistocene refugia (left MSF- right VTF). Boxes represent the upper (in green) and lower (in brown) 25% of the scores and are separated by the median. Units of the y-axes are in brackets beside chart headings.</p

Patagonian Steppe (PS).

<p>Insect-rich area maps (IAMs), maps with areas where more than 80% of the species models matched (6 or more of the 8 species). (a) Late Pleistocene with the ice sheet. (b) Mid Holocene. (c) Present. (d) <i>in situ</i> refugia (IRM), map with the area where 80% or more of the species have found suitable conditions over all three time periods.</p

Congruence of <i>in situ</i> refugia, Pleistocene refugia and endemic species distributions of the VTF.

<p><i>In situ</i> refugia green; Late Pleistocene refugia light brown, and endemic species distributions black; areas where all three agree in brown.</p