Pazyryk-type burial and petroglyphs of the Tausamaly archaeological complex

The article presents the results of a research work carried out at the archaeological complex of Tausamaly. The complex consists of a large burial ground and accumulations of petroglyphs. The monuments are in the Aksu district of the Zhetysu region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In barrow No. 1, a paired burial of the Pazyryk culture, accompanied by three horses, was found in a tiered stone box. A large number of petroglyphs, tamgas and signs were found near the burial ground. A few petroglyphs have pictorial analogies in Southern Siberia and the eastern regions of Central Asia Graphic symbols are divided into several groups. The first group is represented by symbols that differ from each other by various additional elements in the form of dots and lines, as well as being in composition with the figure of an animal. The second group is tamga-shaped signs in the form of a dumbbell-shaped figure. Signs have different sizes, and various additional elements, in the form of dotted and linear knockouts located side by side. The materials of the burial ground and petroglyphs date back to the 4th-2nd centuries BC

Конструктивные особенности камчи с рукоятью из таволги из кургана Улькенсор (междисциплинарный анализ)

Важную роль в культуре степных народов Евразии на протяжении длительного периода существования кочевого скотоводства играла камча. С ней связано много народных представлений, отражающих различные аспекты ритуальной и обрядовой деятельности. Камча выступала символом управления, спутником человека, оружием героя, а в традиционной культуре оберегом шаңырака. В 2020 году в окрестностях Борового был исследован курган раннесакского времени (VII-VI вв. до н.э.). В процессе археологических исследований в погребении были найдены предметы материальной культуры, такие, как парадный наборный пояс, кинжал, остатки колчана со стрелами и камча. Следует отметить, что камча является первой находкой артефактов культуры подобного типа в данном регионе. Особый интерес среди этих находок представляла рукоять, сделанная из материала, который был определен, как тобылга. Объектом исследования данной статьи явилась камча с рукоятью из тобылги из погребения близ озера Улкенсор. Авторы статьи дают археологическое описание кургана раннесакского времени, а также описание находок в погребении, осуществляют визуальную реконструкцию камчи. Кроме того, на основании археологических, этнографических, фольклорных источников в междисциплинарном аспекте анализируются конструктивные составляющие камчи, такие, как ремни, рукоятка, материал рукоятки. Анализ компонентов и семантики камчи из кургана Улькенсор подтверждается письменными источниками и фольклорными текстами

Интеграция науки, образования, права и этики в сфере генной, клеточной и тканевой биоветтехнологии

The paper analyzes the reasons of necessity in constant improving of ethic and legal space of educational and scientific activity in the modern world. The analysis is based on applying of new investigations in the field of biotechnology. The paper reveals problems appeared when studying reproduction and regeneration mechanisms. The authors demonstrate specific procedure of biological science development and enlighten the problems of interaction between “new possibilities” and archaic conditions contributing to their implementation. Problems of “new consciousness” and old views about human place in the world are shown as well. The article explains that gnosis dialectics of living matter leads to revolutions which demand strong changes in the life of modern society; when the modern society turns into society of knowledge and innovations and changes the subject of this process.В статье анализируются причины необходимости перманентного совершенствования этико-правового пространства образовательной и научной деятельности современного человека на примере новых направлений биотехнологии, а также освещаются проблемы изучения механизмов репродукции и регенерации. Показана специфика развития биологических наук, освещены проблемы взаимодействия «новых возможностей» и архаичных условий для их реализации, проблемы «нового сознания» и старых представлений о месте человека в мире. Обосновано, что диалектика познания живой материи неизбежно проводит к формированию революционных ситуаций, требующих кардинальных перемен в жизни современного информационного общества, превращения его в общество знаний и инноваций с соответствующим изменением субъекта этого процесса

Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease

Abstract Background Alcohol abuse has deleterious effects on human health by disrupting the functions of many organs and systems. Gut microbiota has been implicated in the pathogenesis of alcohol-related liver diseases, with its composition manifesting expressed dysbiosis in patients suffering from alcoholic dependence. Due to its inherent plasticity, gut microbiota is an important target for prevention and treatment of these diseases. Identification of the impact of alcohol abuse with associated psychiatric symptoms on the gut community structure is confounded by the liver dysfunction. In order to differentiate the effects of these two factors, we conducted a comparative “shotgun” metagenomic survey of 99 patients with the alcohol dependence syndrome represented by two cohorts—with and without liver cirrhosis. The taxonomic and functional composition of the gut microbiota was subjected to a multifactor analysis including comparison with the external control group. Results Alcoholic dependence and liver cirrhosis were associated with profound shifts in gut community structures and metabolic potential across the patients. The specific effects on species-level community composition were remarkably different between cohorts with and without liver cirrhosis. In both cases, the commensal microbiota was found to be depleted. Alcoholic dependence was inversely associated with the levels of butyrate-producing species from the Clostridiales order, while the cirrhosis—with multiple members of the Bacteroidales order. The opportunist pathogens linked to alcoholic dependence included pro-inflammatory Enterobacteriaceae, while the hallmarks of cirrhosis included an increase of oral microbes in the gut and more frequent occurrence of abnormal community structures. Interestingly, each of the two factors was associated with the expressed enrichment in many Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus—but the exact set of the species was different between alcoholic dependence and liver cirrhosis. At the level of functional potential, the patients showed different patterns of increase in functions related to alcohol metabolism and virulence factors, as well as pathways related to inflammation. Conclusions Multiple shifts in the community structure and metabolic potential suggest strong negative influence of alcohol dependence and associated liver dysfunction on gut microbiota. The identified differences in patterns of impact between these two factors are important for planning of personalized treatment and prevention of these pathologies via microbiota modulation. Particularly, the expansion of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus suggests that probiotic interventions for patients with alcohol-related disorders using representatives of the same taxa should be considered with caution. Taxonomic and functional analysis shows an increased propensity of the gut microbiota to synthesis of the toxic acetaldehyde, suggesting higher risk of colorectal cancer and other pathologies in alcoholics

Data on gut metagenomes of the patients with alcoholic dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver cirrhosis

Alcoholism is associated with significant changes in gut microbiota composition. Metagenomic sequencing allows to assess the altered abundance levels of bacterial taxa and genes in a culture-independent way. We collected 99 stool samples from the patients with alcoholic dependence syndrome (n=72) and alcoholic liver cirrhosis (n=27). Each of the samples was surveyed using “shotgun” (whole-genome) sequencing on SOLiD platform. The reads are deposited in the ENA (project ID: PRJEB18041)

Additional file 13: Table S11. of Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease

Associations between the levels of gut microbial genera and clinical factors. The table contains the coefficients of linear model obtained by applying MaAsLin method to the reference-mapping based taxonomic composition vectors (adjusted p-value < 0.05). Positive values denote direct association between the factor and the relative abundance of the respective taxon, while negative values denote reverse association. Each empty cell denotes that no significant association was detected between the respective factor and taxon. (XLSX 8 kb

Additional file 16: Table S14. of Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease

Metabolic pathways differentially abundant in ADS patients in comparison with the control group. (XLSX 8 kb

Additional file 15:Table S13. of Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease

Metabolic pathways differentially abundant in ALC patients in comparison with the control group. (XLSX 8 kb

Additional file 11: Table S10. of Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease

Bacterial species differentially abundant between each of the ADS and ALC groups and the control group (for the composition obtained via MetaPhlAn2). (XLSX 10 kb

Additional file 7: Figure S1. of Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease

Heatmap displaying the relative abundance of the major microbial species for the gut metagenomes of ADS and ALC patients. Only the species with the abundance of >5% in at least one sample are shown. (PDF 115 kb