Morphogenetic diagnostics of soil formation on tailing dumps of coal quarries in Siberia

Morphological diagnostics of soil-forming processes in the young soils of technogenic landscapes are considered. Comprehensive multilevel studies of soils developed on the tailings of coal mines of different age in a wide range of climatic conditions in Siberia are performed. The processes of the mineral substrate transformation predominate at the initial stages of soil formation. Then, with the development of the soil profiles, the processes of the organic matter transformation begin to play the major role, and the organoprofiles of the soils specific to the particular climatic zone are formed. Micro- and submicroscopic studies allow us to judge the character of major soil processes and to identify the features attesting to the activity of some associated processes

Global economic effects of changes in crops, pasture, and forests due to changing climate, carbon dioxide, and ozone

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2007. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Energy Policy 35 (2007): 5370-5383, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2006.01.040.Multiple environmental changes will have consequences for global vegetation. To the extent that crop yields and pasture and forest productivity are affected there can be important economic consequences. We examine the combined effects of changes in climate, increases in carbon dioxide, and changes in tropospheric ozone on crop, pasture, and forest lands and the consequences for the global and regional economies. We examine scenarios where there is limited or little effort to control these substances, and policy scenarios that limit emissions of CO2 and ozone precursors. We find the effects of climate and CO2 to be generally positive, and the effects of ozone to be very detrimental. Unless ozone is strongly controlled damage could offset CO2 and climate benefits. We find that resource allocation among sectors in the economy, and trade among countries, can strongly affect the estimate of economic effect in a country.This research was supported by the US Department of Energy, US Environmental Protection Agency, US National Science Foundation, US National Aeronautics and Space Administration, US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration; and the Industry and Foundation Sponsors of the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Chang

ВЫБОР РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ПРОЦЕДУРЫ ТРАССИРОВКИ ПО КОНСТРУКТИВНОМУ КРИТЕРИЮ

The analysis of autorouter efficiency in the known CAD systems under structural and technological constraints is carried out. The revealed significant constraints are related to the thermal strength of the wires and possible mutual influence through the electromagnetic field. When manually designing the designer guided by his own experience, can ignore these and other constraints. Unlike a person, the autorouter strictly fulfills all the specified constraints, which, given the topology of the printed circuit board, does not allow tracing to complete. On the other hand, giving greater freedom to the autorouter often makes it impossible to meet the production requirements on permissible parameters of the topological pat-tern, which is the width of the conductors and the gaps between them. The problem of tracing printed circuit boards, including multilayer ones, has become much more complicated with the introduction of integrated circuits in TSOP, MOFP and BGA type enclosures packages with fine-pitch pins, a number of which can reach several hundred. The article investigates the possibility of maximizing printed circuit board topological space with these and other types of enclosures. The necessity of introducing a buffer zone around the component to improve the routing efficiency is explained. It is shown, however, that the avail-ability of a buffer zone does not eliminate the appearance of vias in it, the number of which depends on the routing type. On the basis of the proposed criterion for the autorouter performance, i.e. the ratio of the total wire length to the number of vias, the efficiency of using the topological space of a printed circuit board by three autorouters is analyzed.The presented experimental results of competing routing systems TopoR and Specctra confirmed the possibility to enlarge the pattern area of the printed circuit board for its further use.Проведен анализ эффективности автотрассировщиков известных систем автоматизированного проектирования (САПР) топологии печатных плат (ПП) в условиях наложенных конструктивнотехнологических ограничений. Выявленные существенные ограничения связаны с тепловой прочностью проводников и возможными взаимными влияниями через электромагнитное поле. При ручном проектировании конструктор, руководствуясь собственным опытом, может проигнорировать эти и другие ограничения. В отличие от человека, автотрассировщик строго выполняет все заданные ограничения, что при заданном топологическом пространстве ПП не позволяет выполнить трассировку полностью. С другой стороны, давая большую свободу автотрассировщику, часто невозможно удовлетворить требования производства по допустимым параметрам топологического рисунка – ширине проводников и зазоров между ними. Проблема трассировки ПП, в том числе и многослойных, значительно усложнилась с появлением интегральных микросхем в корпусах типа TSOP, MOFP и BGA c числом выводов до нескольких сотен, расположенных с очень малым шагом. В статье исследована возможность максимального использования топологического пространства ПП с этими и другими типами корпусов. Обоснована необходимость введения буферной зоны вокруг компонента для повышения эффективности процедуры автотрассировки. Показано, однако, что наличие буферной зоны не избавляет от появления в ней некоторого числа межслойных переходов, зависящего от вида трассировки. На основании предложенного критерия качества работы автотрассировщика – отношения суммарной длины проводников к числу межслойных переходов – проанализирована эффективность использования топологического пространства ПП тремя автотрассировщиками. Представленные экспериментальные результаты исследования конкурирующих вариантов трассировки САПР ПП TopoR и Specctra подтвердили возможность увеличения добавленной площади топологического рисунка печатной платы для возможного дальнейшего ее использования

Financial Risks of Russian Oil Companies in Conditions of Volatility of Global Oil Prices

The development of scientific approaches to assessing and diagnosing the financial risks of oil industry in the Russian Federation becomes a high priority task in conditions of high level of volatility in oil prices in the world energy market and preservation of sanctions regime. The article shows the main threats to financial stability of oil companies in Russia. Using cluster analysis, a system of indicators is proposed that determines the level of financial risk of oil companies in Russia. Based on the method of expert assessments and fuzzy sets, the classification of financial risk levels of oil industry is proposed. The integrated financial risk level of oil industry was calculated and scenarios of its development for 2018–2020 were forecast by means of regression modeling. The system of measures to improve the stability of oil companies and prevent functional financial risks is argued. The practical implementation of research results will be the basis for timely diagnosis of financial risks and qualitative development of preventive measures to neutralize them in the oil industry of Russia. Keywords: Oil Industry, Oil Companies, Financial Risks, Oil Prices, Financial Stability of Oil Industry JEL Classifications: Q43; Q41; G32; L52 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.735

Conical geometry and quantum entropy of a charged Kerr black hole

We apply the method of conical singularities to calculate the tree-level entropy and its one-loop quantum corrections for a charged Kerr black hole. The Euclidean geometry for the Kerr-Newman metric is considered. We show that for an arbitrary periodization in Euclidean space there exists a conical singularity at the horizon. Its $\delta$-function like curvatures are calculated and are shown to behave similar to the static case. The heat kernel expansion for a scalar field on this conical space background is derived and the (divergent) quantum correction to the entropy is obtained. It is argued that these divergences can be removed by renormalization of couplings in the tree-level gravitational action in a manner similar to that for a static black hole.Comment: 22 pages, latex, no figures; minor corrections mad

Corrigendum

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 23 (2010): 2230–2231, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI3566.1.Corrigendum: Sokolov, A., and Coauthors, 2009: Probabilistic forecast for twenty-first-century climate based on uncertainties in emissions (without policy) and climate parameters. J. Climate, 22, 5175–5204

Spinal trigeminal neurons demonstrate an increase in responses to dural electrical stimulation in the orofacial formalin test

Primary headaches are often associated with pain in the maxillofacial region commonly classified under the term “orofacial pain” (OFP). In turn, long-lasting OFP can trigger and perpetuate headache as an independent entity, which is able to persist after the resolution of the main disorder. A close association between OFP and headache complicates their cause and effect definition and leads to misdiagnosis. The precise mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood, partly because of the deficiency of research-related findings. We combined the animal models of OFP and headache—the orofacial formalin test and the model of trigeminovascular nociception—to investigate the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying their comorbidity. In anesthetized rats, the ongoing activity of single convergent neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus was recorded in parallel to their responses to the electrical stimulation of the dura mater before and after the injection of formalin into their cutaneous receptive fields. Subcutaneous formalin resulted not only in the biphasic increase in the ongoing activity, but also in an enhancement of neuronal responses to dural electrical stimulation, which had similar time profile. These results demonstrated that under tonic pain in the orofacial region a nociceptive signaling from the dura mater to convergent trigeminal neurons is significantly enhanced apparently because of the development of central sensitization; this may contribute to the comorbidity of OFP and headache

Evidence of Υ(1S)→J/ψ+χc1\Upsilon(1S) \to J/\psi+\chi_{c1} and search for double-charmonium production in Υ(1S)\Upsilon(1S) and Υ(2S)\Upsilon(2S) decays

Using data samples of $102\times10^6$ $\Upsilon(1S)$ and $158\times10^6$ $\Upsilon(2S)$ events collected with the Belle detector, a first experimental search has been made for double-charmonium production in the exclusive decays $\Upsilon(1S,2S)\rightarrow J/\psi(\psi')+X$, where $X=\eta_c$, $\chi_{cJ} (J=~0,~1,~2)$, $\eta_c(2S)$, $X(3940)$, and $X(4160)$. No significant signal is observed in the spectra of the mass recoiling against the reconstructed $J/\psi$ or $\psi'$ except for the evidence of $\chi_{c1}$ production with a significance of $4.6\sigma$ for $\Upsilon(1S)\rightarrow J/\psi+\chi_{c1}$. The measured branching fraction \BR(\Upsilon(1S)\rightarrow J/\psi+\chi_{c1}) is $(3.90\pm1.21(\rm stat.)\pm0.23 (\rm syst.))\times10^{-6}$. The $90\%$ confidence level upper limits on the branching fractions of the other modes having a significance of less than $3\sigma$ are determined. These results are consistent with theoretical calculations using the nonrelativistic QCD factorization approach.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, 1 table. The fit range was extended to include X(4160) signal according to referee's suggestions. Other results unchanged. Paper was accepted for publication as a regular article in Physical Review

Genotyping of Capreolus pygargus Fossil DNA from Denisova Cave Reveals Phylogenetic Relationships between Ancient and Modern Populations

BACKGROUND: The extant roe deer (Capreolus Gray, 1821) includes two species: the European roe deer (C. capreolus) and the Siberian roe deer (C. pygargus) that are distinguished by morphological and karyotypical differences. The Siberian roe deer occupies a vast area of Asia and is considerably less studied than the European roe deer. Modern systematics of the Siberian roe deer remain controversial with 4 morphological subspecies. Roe deer fossilized bones are quite abundant in Denisova cave (Altai Mountains, South Siberia), where dozens of both extant and extinct mammalian species from modern Holocene to Middle Pleistocene have been retrieved. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We analyzed a 629 bp fragment of the mitochondrial control region from ancient bones of 10 Holocene and four Pleistocene Siberian roe deer from Denisova cave as well as 37 modern specimen belonging to populations from Altai, Tian Shan (Kyrgyzstan), Yakutia, Novosibirsk region and the Russian Far East. Genealogical reconstructions indicated that most Holocene haplotypes were probably ancestral for modern roe deer populations of Western Siberia and Tian Shan. One of the Pleistocene haplotypes was possibly ancestral for modern Yakutian populations, and two extinct Pleistocene haplotypes were close to modern roe deer from Tian Shan and Yakutia. Most modern geographical populations (except for West Siberian Plains) are heterogeneous and there is some tentative evidence for structure. However, we did not find any distinct phylogenetic signal characterizing particular subspecies in either modern or ancient samples. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Analysis of mitochondrial DNA from both ancient and modern samples of Siberian roe deer shed new light on understanding the evolutionary history of roe deer. Our data indicate that during the last 50,000 years multiple replacements of populations of the Siberian roe deer took place in the Altai Mountains correlating with climatic changes. The Siberian roe deer represent a complex and heterogeneous species with high migration rates and without evident subspecies structure. Low genetic diversity of the West Siberian Plain population indicates a recent bottleneck or founder effect