Silicon carbide - graphene nano-gratings on 4H and 6H semi-insulating SiC

A technical methodology of fabrication of hierarchically scaled multitude graphene nanogratings with varying pitches ranging from the micrometer down to sub 40 nm scale combined with sub 10 nm step heights on 4H and 6H semi-insulating SiC for length scale measurements is proposed. The nanogratings were fabricated using electron-beam lithography combined with dry etching of graphene, incorporating a standard semiconductor processing technology. A scientific evaluation of critical dimension, etching step heights, and surface characterization of graphene nanograting on both polytypes were compared and evaluated

Standardization of the ECG on the basis of cardiac cycle phase analysis

Aims The article aims at describing the basic system criteria of the ECG interpretation on the basis of the cardiac cycle phase processes as well as systematizing these criteria for developing new standards for the ECG classification. Materials and methods An original ECG lead of the ascending aorta is proposed. It identifies the boundaries of the rapid and slow ejection phases. The concepts and description of the ECG waves are introduced. The amplitudes of the ECG waves are used to characterize the contraction of the muscles of the cardiovascular system segments. Results The general principles of the ECG standardization based on the amplitude analysis of the ECG waves are described. Conclusion Development of the standardization system will contribute to quality improvement of the diagnostics performed by practising physicians