Problems of operational control of physical and chemical environmental factors in residential areas of Russian settlements

The formation of human life conditions in residential areas depends on the state of ecological balance in these territories, which, in turn, relays the influence of various natural and anthropogenic environmental factors. From a practical point of view, this influence is increasingly becoming cumulative or even complex. The article discusses the need to create a system of integrated (aggregate) monitoring of residential areas, providing visualization of predictive estimates of the spread of pollution. To solve such a problem, it is necessary to develop a theoretical model (concept) of complex (aggregate, generalized) monitoring of the ecological situation. This approach is based on the use of the principle of combining data on the nature and parameters of the main air pollutants, infra- and ultrasonic, as well as electromagnetic radiation, vibrations, meteorological parameters and the structure of landscape features of the zone. Modern automated monitoring systems of natural and technogenic areas are considered. Their advantages and disadvantages are noted. It is concluded that a system is necessary to develop, which solves a wider range of tasks

Expression Level of the DREB2-Type Gene, Identified with Amplifluor SNP Markers, Correlates with Performance, and Tolerance to Dehydration in Bread Wheat Cultivars from Northern Kazakhstan

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.A panel of 89 local commercial cultivars of bread wheat was tested in field trials in the dry conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. Two distinct groups of cultivars (six cultivars in each group), which had the highest and the lowest grain yield under drought were selected for further experiments. A dehydration test conducted on detached leaves indicated a strong association between rates of water loss in plants from the first group with highest grain yield production in the dry environment relative to the second group. Modern high-throughput Amplifluor Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) technology was applied to study allelic variations in a series of drought-responsive genes using 19 SNP markers. Genotyping of an SNP in the TaDREB5 (DREB2-type) gene using the Amplifluor SNP marker KATU48 revealed clear allele distribution across the entire panel of wheat accessions, and distinguished between the two groups of cultivars with high and low yield under drought. Significant differences in expression levels of TaDREB5 were revealed by qRT-PCR. Most wheat plants from the first group of cultivars with high grain yield showed slight up-regulation in the TaDREB5 transcript in dehydrated leaves. In contrast, expression of TaDREB5 in plants from the second group of cultivars with low grain yield was significantly down-regulated. It was found that SNPs did not alter the amino acid sequence of TaDREB5 protein. Thus, a possible explanation is that alternative splicing and up-stream regulation of TaDREB5 may be affected by SNP, but these hypotheses require additional analysis (and will be the focus of future studies)

The General Transcription Repressor TaDr1 Is Co-expressed With TaVrn1 and TaFT1 in Bread Wheat Under Drought

The general transcription repressor, TaDr1 gene, was identified during screening of a wheat SNP database using the Amplifluor-like SNP marker KATU-W62. Together with two genes described earlier, TaDr1A and TaDr1B, they represent a set of three homeologous genes in the wheat genome. Under drought, the total expression profiles of all three genes varied between different bread wheat cultivars. Plants of four high-yielding cultivars exposed to drought showed a 2.0–2.4-fold increase in TaDr1 expression compared to controls. Less strong, but significant 1.3–1.8-fold up-regulation of the TaDr1 transcript levels was observed in four low-yielding cultivars. TaVrn1 and TaFT1, which controls the transition to flowering, revealed similar profiles of expression as TaDr1. Expression levels of all three genes were in good correlation with grain yields of evaluated cultivars growing in the field under water-limited conditions. The results could indicate the involvement of all three genes in the same regulatory pathway, where the general transcription repressor TaDr1 may control expression of TaVrn1 and TaFT1 and, consequently, flowering time. The strength of these genes expression can lead to phenological changes that affect plant productivity and hence explain differences in the adaptation of the examined wheat cultivars to the dry environment of Northern and Central Kazakhstan. The Amplifluor-like SNP marker KATU-W62 used in this work can be applied to the identification of wheat cultivars differing in alleles at the TaDr1 locus and in screening hybrids

Microclimate control system at poultry enterprises of closed type

The microclimate is a set of factors affecting the climate state in a limited space. Keeping and raising animals in agricultural premises is an important stage in the production of agricultural products. Maintaining a favorable microclimate in the room with animals ensures product safety and improvement of their quality. The cultivation of birds in industrial agricultural premises is an important stage in the production and further sale of agricultural products. It is necessary to maintain an optimal microclimate. The deviation of room factors from the norm leads to a decrease in the average daily weight gain and affects the safety of birds, especially in the autumn-winter period, as well as affects its productive egg-laying capacity. It is known that 40...50 % of all energy received by animals from feed goes to maintain a normal body temperature, and the rest - to gain weight and proper development. The food must be of high quality and contain all the necessary micronutrients. Ultimately, the temperature parameters affect the product cost. The ambient temperature directly affects the amount of heat released by the chicken in the initial stage, and the feed consumption accordingly. Deviations of the ambient temperature from the optimal one significantly reduce the growth and development of young birds and increase feed consumption, which leads to additional unplanned financial losses for the farm. An unsatisfactory microclimate, the determining parameter of which is the temperature regime, increases the product cost by 15-20 % and leads to an increase in the selling price for the final consumer. Due to the peculiarities of biological heat release and thermal regulation in young birds, the value of the optimal temperatures for their cultivation varies widely

Project development of a “smart” premise system for pig keeping

The economic efficiency of intensive animal husbandry on an industrial basis depends on the rational animal keeping, which is largely determined by the availability of optimal microclimate in the premises. Whatever breed and pedigree qualities animals possess, they are unable to maintain health and display their potential hereditary productive abilities without creating the necessary microclimate conditions. In the period of 2018-2020, a survey of 11 farms in Perm Krai was carried out, where respiratory, digestive, skin diseases were found, in some cases stress was observed in animals. The cost of heating livestock premises is generally much lower than losses from murrain, reduced productivity, and feed overruns. Physical properties of the air environment are unstable factors and are subject to large fluctuations. To optimize the microclimate in livestock premises, an algorithm program for computers was developed, which will allow to create a system that provides optimal conditions for keeping and maintenance of animals and improve life safety on livestock farms. In this regard, to improve the conditions of calves and cows’ keeping, a project for managing microclimate parameters on farms in the conditions of Perm Krai has been developed. Microclimate management system was developed on the basis of: the Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation dated October 21, 2000 No. 621 “On approval of Veterinary rules for the maintenance of pigs for the purpose of their reproduction, cultivation and sales.” Monitoring is based on automated analysis and regulation of microclimate parameters' indicators. The software and hardware implementation were done on Omron PLC

Problems of operational control of physical and chemical environmental factors in residential areas of Russian settlements

The formation of human life conditions in residential areas depends on the state of ecological balance in these territories, which, in turn, relays the influence of various natural and anthropogenic environmental factors. From a practical point of view, this influence is increasingly becoming cumulative or even complex. The article discusses the need to create a system of integrated (aggregate) monitoring of residential areas, providing visualization of predictive estimates of the spread of pollution. To solve such a problem, it is necessary to develop a theoretical model (concept) of complex (aggregate, generalized) monitoring of the ecological situation. This approach is based on the use of the principle of combining data on the nature and parameters of the main air pollutants, infra- and ultrasonic, as well as electromagnetic radiation, vibrations, meteorological parameters and the structure of landscape features of the zone. Modern automated monitoring systems of natural and technogenic areas are considered. Their advantages and disadvantages are noted. It is concluded that a system is necessary to develop, which solves a wider range of tasks

Study of the human infectious safety model under the influence of SARS-CoV-2 on the example of the Perm Krai of the Russian Federation

In the new millennium, humanity is faced with infectious diseases that no one previously knew about. In the end of 2019, an outbreak of a new coronavirus infection occurred in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) with an epicenter in the city of Wuhan (Hubei Province). On February 11, 2020, the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses assigned an official name to the infectious agent - SARS-CoV-2. According to the results of serological and phylogenetic analysis, coronaviruses are divided into four genera: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus. Currently, four seasonal coronaviruses (HCoV-229E, - OC43, -NL63 and -HKU1) are circulating among the world’s population, which are present year-round in the structure of ARI, and, as a rule, cause damage to the upper respiratory tract of mild and moderate severity, as well as two highly pathogenic coronaviruses-Middle East respiratory syndrome virus (MERS) and new coronavirus infection COVID-19. To develop a model of human resistance to the disease caused by the coronavirus family, the elements, links and ways of protecting the Human-Virus-Environment system were identified. The destructive functions of sixteen proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 strain are considered. Deterministic and statistical models of cells infection risk development have been developed. A parameterized system of human protection against coronavirus infection is proposed

ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ НИТРУВАННЯ КРОХМАЛЮ АЗОТНО-СІРЧАНОКИСЛОТНОЮ СУМІШШЮ

Aim. To establish patterns of starch nitration process, allowing to justify the choice of the composition of the nitrating mixture and the regime parameters of nitration. Methods. The degree of nitration was expressed in terms of the nitrogen content in the resulting starch nitrate, which was determined by the ferrosulfate method. We also carried out an assessment of the surface state of the starch grains and starch nitrate at a 300-fold magnification using an optical microscope. Results. It was established that the dependences of the nitrogen content in starch nitrate on the composition of the nitrating mixture and the operating parameters of the process pass through maxima. At certain values of the composition of the nitrous mixture, the nitration process is disturbed, which is associated with side reactions. When starch is nitrated with a nitrogen-sulfuric acid mixture, the resulting starch nitrate retains the granular structure of the original starch, but characteristic defects are formed on the surface of its grains. Conclusions. The maximum nitrogen content in starch nitrate is achieved at H2SO4/HNO3 ≈ 3, a water concentration in the nitrating mixture 8 – 10 %, temperature 35 – 40 °C, nitration time 30 – 35 minutes and nitration module 30–40. The ratio of the rates of the nitration process and side reactions determines the stability of the nitration process. It is broken when H2SO4/HNO3 ≤ 0.5 and H2SO4/HNO3 ≥ 7.0 as well as when the concentration of water in the nitrous mixture СH2O ≥ 20 %. The surface defects of starch nitrate grains are associated with dissolution and extraction into a nitrating mixture of amylose nitrate, as a result of which one should expect changes in the internal structure of starch nitrate grains.В статье представлены результаты экспериментального исследования процесса нитрования картофельного крахмала, целью которого являлось установление его закономерностей, позволяющих обосновать выбор режимов технологии изготовления взрывчатого вещества – нитрата крахмала. Показано, что зависимости содержания азота в получаемом нитрате крахмала от состава нитрующей смеси и режимных параметров процесса нитрования характеризуются наличием максимумов, которые обусловлены протеканием побочных реакций. Особенностью зависимостей содержания азота от состава нитрующей смеси является также нарушение процесса нитрования при определенном массовом отношении кислот и концентрации воды в нитрующей смеси, что связано с растворением крахмала и его гидролизом. Получаемый нитрат крахмала сохраняет зернистую структуру исходного крахмала, но в процессе нитрования изменяется состояние поверхности зерен. На ней образуются характерные дефекты, которые свидетельствуют об изменении внутренней структуры зерен в результате экстрагирования нитрата амилозы серной кислотой из аморфных областей зерен. Предполагается, что такое изменение внутренней структуры может влиять на характеристики конечного продукта, а присутствие растворенного нитрата амилозы в отработанной нитрующей смеси необходимо учитывать при ее регенерации.В статті представлені результати експериментального дослідження процесу нітрування картопляного крохмалю, метою якого було встановлення його закономірностей, що дозволяють обґрунтувати вибір режимів технології виготовлення вибухової речовини – нітрату крохмалю. Показано, що залежності вмісту Нітрогену в нітраті крохмалю, що отримується, від вмісту нітруючої суміші та режимних параметрів процесу нітрування характеризуються наявністю максимумів, які обумовлені протіканням побічних реакцій. Особливістю залежності вмісту Нітрогену від складу нітруючої суміші є порушення процесу нітрування при певному масовому співвідношенні кислот і концентрації води в нітруючій суміші, що пов'язано із розчиненням крохмалю та його гідролізом. Одержаний нітрат крохмалю зберігає зернисту структуру вихідного крохмалю, але у процесі нітрування змінюється стан поверхні зерен. На ній утворюються характерні дефекти, які свідчать про зміну внутрішньої структури зерен у результаті екстрагування нітрату амілози сульфатною кислотою з аморфних областей зерен. Передбачається, що така зміна внутрішньої структури може визначати характеристики кінцевого продукту, а присутність розчиненого нітрату амілози у відпрацьованій нітруючій суміші необхідно враховувати при її регенерації