7 research outputs found
Stretchable and Micropatterned Membrane for Osteogenic Differentation of Stem Cells
Stem cells have emerged as potentially
useful cells for regenerative
medicine applications. To fully harness this potential, it is important
to develop in vitro cell culture platforms with spatially regulated
mechanical, chemical, and biological cues to induce the differentiation
of stem cells. In this study, a cell culture platform was constructed
that used polydopamine (PDA)-coated parafilm. The modified parafilm
supports cell attachment and proliferation. In addition, because of
the superb plasticity and ductility of the parafilm, it can be easily
micropatterned to regulate the spatial arrangements of cells, and
can exert different mechanical tensions. Specifically, we constructed
a PDA-coated parafilm with grooved micropatterns to induce the osteogenic
differentiation of stem cells. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells
that were cultured on the PDA-coated parafilm exhibited significantly
higher osteogenic commitment in response to mechanical and spatial
cues compared to the ones without stretch. Our findings may open new
opportunities for inducing osteogenesis of stem cells in vitro using
the platform that combines mechanical and spatial cues
Biomimetic Microfluidic Device for in Vitro Antihypertensive Drug Evaluation
Microfluidic devices have emerged
as revolutionary, novel platforms
for in vitro drug evaluation. In this work, we developed a facile
method for evaluating antihypertensive drugs using a microfluidic
chip. This microfluidic chip was generated using the elastic material
polyÂ(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and a microchannel structure that simulated
a blood vessel as fabricated on the chip. We then cultured human umbilical
vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) inside the channel. Different pressures
and shear stresses could be applied on the cells. The generated vessel
mimics can be used for evaluating the safety and effects of antihypertensive
drugs. Here, we used hydralazine hydrochloride as a model drug. The
results indicated that hydralazine hydrochloride effectively decreased
the pressure-induced dysfunction of endothelial cells. This work demonstrates
that our microfluidic system provides a convenient and cost-effective
platform for studying cellular responses to drugs under mechanical
pressure
Microfluidic Generation of Polydopamine Gradients on Hydrophobic Surfaces
Engineered surface-bound molecular
gradients are of great importance
for a range of biological applications. In this paper, we fabricated
a polydopamine gradient on a hydrophobic surface. A microfluidic device
was used to generate a covalently conjugated gradient of polydopamine
(PDA), which changed the wettabilty and the surface energy of the
substrate. The gradient was subsequently used to enable the spatial
deposition of adhesive proteins on the surface. When seeded with human
adipose mesenchymal stem cells, the PDA-graded surface induced a gradient
of cell adhesion and spreading. The PDA gradient developed in this
study is a promising tool for controlling cellular behavior and may
be useful in various biological applications
Online Monitoring of Superoxide Anions Released from Skeletal Muscle Cells Using an Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Thick-Film Nanoporous Gold
Online detection and accurate quantification
of superoxide anions
released from skeletal muscle tissue is important in both physiological
and pathological contexts. Above certain physiologically redundant
levels, superoxides may exert toxic effects. Here we present design,
fabrication, and successful testing of a highly sensitive electrochemical
superoxide biosensor based on nanoporous gold (NPG) immobilized with
cytochrome-<i>c</i> (cyt-<i>c</i>). A significant
14-fold enhancement in the biosensor sensitivity was achieved using
NPG instead of nonporous gold, enabling the device to quantify minuscule
levels of superoxides. Such improvement was attributed to the very
large surface-to-volume ratio of the NPG network. The average values
of superoxide sensitivity and analytical limit of detection (LOD)
were 1.90 ± 0.492 nA nM<sup>–1</sup> cm<sup>–2</sup> and 3.7 nM, respectively. The sensor was employed to measure the
rates of superoxide release from C2C12 myoblasts and differentiated
myotubes upon stimulation with an endogenous superoxide-producing
drug. To account for the issue of sensor-to-sensor sensitivity variations,
each sensor was individually calibrated prior to measurements of biologically
released superoxides. For the drug concentrations studied, C2C12 superoxide
generation rates varied from 0.03 to 0.2 pM min<sup>–1</sup> cell<sup>–1</sup>, within the range of superoxide release
rates from normally contracting to fatiguing skeletal muscle tissue.
Electrochemically obtained results were validated using a fluorescent
superoxide probe. Compared to other destructive methods, the NPG-based
electrochemical biosensor provides unique advantages in tissue engineering
because of its higher sensitivity and the ability to measure the levels
of biologically released superoxides in real-time
Development of Flexible Cell-Loaded Ultrathin Ribbons for Minimally Invasive Delivery of Skeletal Muscle Cells
Cell transplantation therapy provides
a potential solution for
treating skeletal muscle disorders, but cell survival after transplantation
is poor. This limitation could be addressed by grafting donor cells
onto biomaterials to protect them against harsh environments and processing,
consequently improving cell viability in situ. Thus, we present here
the fabrication of polyÂ(lactic-<i>co</i>-glycolic acid)
(PLGA) ultrathin ribbons with “canal-like” structures
using a microfabrication technique to generate ribbons of aligned
murine skeletal myoblasts (C2C12). We found that the ribbons functionalized
with a solution of 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (DOPA) and
then coated with poly-l-lysine (PLL) and fibronectin (FN)
improve cell attachment and support the growth of C2C12. The viability
of cells on the ribbons is evaluated following the syringe-handling
steps of injection with different needle sizes. C2C12 cells readily
adhere to the ribbon surface, proliferate over time, align (over 74%),
maintain high viability (over 80%), and differentiate to myotubes
longer than 400 ÎĽm. DNA content quantification carried out before
and after injection and myogenesis evaluation confirm that cell-loaded
ribbons can safely retain cells with high functionality after injection
and are suitable for minimally invasive cell transplantation
Engineered Nanomembranes for Directing Cellular Organization Toward Flexible Biodevices
Controlling the cellular microenvironment
can be used to direct
the cellular organization, thereby improving the function of synthetic
tissues in biosensing, biorobotics, and regenerative medicine. In
this study, we were inspired by the microstructure and biological
properties of the extracellular matrix to develop freestanding ultrathin
polymeric films (referred as “nanomembranes”) that were
flexible, cell adhesive, and had a morphologically tailorable surface.
The resulting nanomembranes were exploited as flexible substrates
on which cell-adhesive micropatterns were generated to align C2C12
skeletal myoblasts and embedded fibril carbon nanotubes enhanced the
cellular elongation and differentiation. Functional nanomembranes
with tunable morphology and mechanical properties hold great promise
in studying cell–substrate interactions and in fabricating
biomimetic constructs toward flexible biodevices
Gelatin–Polyaniline Composite Nanofibers Enhanced Excitation–Contraction Coupling System Maturation in Myotubes
In
this study, composite gelatin–polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers
doped with camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) were fabricated by electrospinning
and used as substrates to culture C2C12 myoblast cells. We observed
enhanced myotube formation on composite gelatin–PANI nanofibers
compared to gelatin nanofibers, concomitantly with enhanced myotube
maturation. Thus, in myotubes, intracellular organization, colocalization
of the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) and ryanodine receptor (RyR),
expression of genes correlated to the excitation–contraction
(E–C) coupling apparatus, calcium transients, and myotube contractibility
were increased. Such composite material scaffolds combining topographical
and electrically conductive cues may be useful to direct skeletal
muscle cell organization and to improve cellular maturation, functionality,
and tissue formation