Frequency of HD and HIV+ presenting a T-cell response to different influenza A virus strains.

<p><b>* chi-square test:</b></p><p>**p = 0.0023.</p><p>Frequency of HD and HIV+ presenting a T-cell response to different influenza A virus strains.</p

Cellular immune response to different influenza A virus strains.

<p>(A): The frequency of T-cell response specific for A/H3N2/Min/11/10, A/H3N2/Ind/08/11 and for A/H1N1/Cal/07/09 was evaluated by ELISpot assay in HD (n = 45, white bars) and HIV+ patients (n = 46 grey bars). Results are indicated as SCFs/10⁶ peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Statistical analysis was performed using non parametric Mann-Whitney assay. ** p<0.0001. (B): The correlation between T-cell response against A/H3N2/Min/11/10 and A/H3N2/Ind/08/11 is shown, with Pearson's r² and significance, as well as the calculated regression line. HD and HIV+ are reported as white and black circles, respectively.</p

Association between age and cellular immune response to different influenza A virus strains.

<p>The potential and the shape of association between age and T-cell response against A/H3N2/Min/11/10, A/H3N2/Ind/08/11 and A/H1N1/Cal/07/09 is shown for HD (left panels) and HIV+ (right panels) was analyzed by linear regression model. Departure from linear trend was assessed by model based likelihood ratio test (LTR) to assess the model including age as polynomial predictor.</p

Correlation between humoral immune response to H3N2v strains.

<p>(A): The correlation between HAI titers to A/H3N2/Min/11/10 and to A/H3N2/Ind/08/11 is shown in HD. Pearson's r² and significance, as well as the calculated regression line. (B): The correlation between HAI titers to A/H3N2/Min/11/10 and to A/H3N2/Ind/08/11 is shown in HIV+. Pearson's r² and significance, as well as the calculated regression line.</p

Association between age and humoral immune response to different influenza A virus strains.

<p>Age-related relationships of HAI titer against A/H3N2/Min/11/10, A/H3N2/Ind/08/11 and A/H1N1/Cal/07/09 in either HD (left panels) or HIV+ patients (right panels) was assessed by linear regression model. Departure from linear trend was assessed by model based likelihood ratio test (LTR) to assess the model including age as polynomial predictor.</p

Humoral immune response to different influenza A virus strains in HD and HIV-infected subjects.

<p><b>° HAI titer ≥40.</b></p><p><b>°° geometric mean of HAI titer.</b></p><p><b>* Chi-square test:</b></p><p>* p = 0.043.</p><p>** p = 0.0055.</p>§<p><b>: Kruskall-Wallis test.</b></p>§<p><b>:</b> p = 0.014.</p>§§<p>: p = 0.0043.</p><p>Humoral immune response to different influenza A virus strains in HD and HIV-infected subjects.</p

Characterization of enrolled subjects.

<p>Characterization of enrolled subjects.</p

Dose-dependent inhibition of CCHFV replication by recombinant IFN-α, IFN-λ1 and IFN-α+IFN-λ1.

<p>A549 <b>(a)</b> and HuH7 cells <b>(b)</b> were treated for 1 day with increasing amounts of either IFN type, alone or in combination, then infected with CCHFV at MOI 0.01; infectious virus yield was measured after overnight incubation. One out of three experiments is shown. Dotted lines: IFN-α (●) or IFN-λ1 (▲) used alone; continuous line: IFN-α and IFN-λ1 (■) used in combination.</p

Combination index for IFN-α and IFN-λ1 against CCHF replication respectively in A549 and HuH-7 cells.

<p>*The Combination Index (CI) was calculated using the CompuSyn software (Chou, T.-C. and Martin, N. CompuSyn software for drug combinations and for general dose effect analysis, and user’s guide. ComboSyn, Inc. Paramus, NJ 2007. [<a href="http://www.combosyn.com" target="_blank">www.combosyn.com</a>]) which uses the method of Chou & Talalay. CI values <1, 1 and >1 indicate synergism, additive effect and antagonism, respectively.</p><p>Combination index for IFN-α and IFN-λ1 against CCHF replication respectively in A549 and HuH-7 cells.</p

EBOV RNA trends in plasma, sputum and nasopharyngeal specimens during the first 15 days of hospitalization of the second Italian Ebola patient attending the National Institute for Infectious Diseases in Roma (INMI2).

<p>Clinical specimens from the patient were collected daily (plasma and nasopharyngeal swab) and regularly throughout hospitalization (Sputum). Arrows indicate the administration of the experimental drug Mil77 (day 3 and day 6). Dotted lines represent the hypothetical trend of those samples not available for this study. Panel A: trend of total EBOV RNA (viremia), which becomes undetectable at day 9. Panel B: trends of neg-RNA and pos-RNA in plasma, which become undetectable at day 5 and 4, respectively. Panel C: trend of total virus RNA in sputum, which becomes undetectable at day 11. Panel D: trends of neg-RNA and pos-RNA in sputum, which become undetectable at day 11 and 10, respectively. Panel E: trend of total EBOV RNA in nasopharyngeal swab. In nasopharyngeal swab the total EBOV RNA reaches undetectable levels at day 13 of hospitalization. Panel F: trends of neg-RNA and pos-RNA in nasopharyngeal swab, which become undetectable at day 10 and 6, respectively. Symbols are specified in the panels.</p