High-Power Comb-Line Filter Architectures for Switched-Mode RF Power Amplifier Systems

Die vorgelegte Arbeit behandelt die Analyse der Anforderungen, denschaltungstechnischen Entwurf, den Aufbau und die messtechnische Verifizierungvon Rekonstruktionsfiltern für Leistungsschaltverstärker im Klasse-SBetrieb, die auf Grund ihres hohen Wirkungsgrades vorzugsweise in MobilfunkbasisstationenVerwendung finden sollen. Die Brauchbarkeit des Entwurfeswird an Hand einer Reihe von Applikationsbeispielen anschaulich dargestellt.Als Kernforderung einer derartigen Filterauslegung hat sich die Aufrechterhaltungder Rechteckzeitfunktion des Drain-Stromes für einen (im ”CurrentMode” arbeitenden) Schaltverstärker herausgestellt, weil sonst die damit erzielbarehohe Effizienz nicht erreicht werden kann. Darüber hinaus fließen indie Filterauslegung nicht nur die Fixierung des Filterdurchlass- und sperrbereichesein, sondern auch die Festlegung der Eingangs- und Lastimpedanz bei unterschiedlichenAnregungsmoden über einen breiten Frequenzbereich. Doppelundeinzelterminierte Filter werden theoretisch betrachtet, simuliert, getestetund gemessen.Es wurde herausgearbeitet, dass die schaltungstechnischen und geometrischenAnforderungen an einen derartigen Rekonstruktionsfilterentwurf gutdurch symmetrisch gespeiste Kammleitungsfilter erfüllt werden können. VerschiedeneFilterarchitekturen werden im Hinblick auf ihr Gleich- und Gegentaktaktimpedanzverhaltenvorgestellt, experimentell untersucht und kritischanalysiert. Soweit dem Autor bekannt ist, werden hier erstmalig Rekonstruktionsfilterfür Klasse-S Leistungsverstärker im ”Current Mode” komplett analysiert.Desweiteren wird die Funktionalität des Rekonstruktionsfilters an Handanderer Typen von Leistungsschaltverstärkern simuliert und messtechnisch untersucht.Der maximale Wirkungsgrad von 65% bei Leistungsschaltverstärkersystemenlässt sich dem erfolgreichen Filterentwurf zuschreiben.This work has taken place in the context that a class-S power amplifiersystem with simplified transmitter architectures and increased power efficiencymakes an attractive candidate for cellular phone base transceiver station applications.The author describes the requirements for, and a number of successfulimplementations of, a reconstruction filter suitable for such an amplifier system.In a current-mode class-S power amplifier system, crucial to the maintenanceof the rectangular shape of the drain current and thus to high efficiency arenot only the tailoring of pass-band and stop-band, but also the specification ofinput impedance for different modes of excitation over a wide frequency range.Doubly and singly terminated filters are subjected to theoretical consideration,simulation, testing and measurement. The main focus of the research is on thedesign of the reconstruction filter.It is found that the electrical and geometrical constraints for the designof a reconstruction filter are well satisfied by balanced input comb-line filters.Several filter architectures are proposed, experimentally investigated, and criticallyanalysed in terms of differential and common mode impedances. Thisis the first complete analysis of reconstruction filters for current mode class-Spower amplifier systems, as far as the author knows. Switched-mode poweramplifier systems which include the proposed filters are also simulated andmeasured under different driving conditions. The maximum power efficiencyof 65% to date in the switched-mode power amplifier systems can be attributedto the successful filter design

Garanties publiques du droit à une pension privée en Russie

À l’heure où la France est confrontée au relèvement de l’âge de la retraite, la Russie introduit des garanties supplémentaires pour les adhérents aux fonds de pension privés. La création de fonds de pension privés dans la Russie contemporaine a commencé dans les années 1990 avec la transition vers une économie de marché. Le décret présidentiel n° 1077 du 16 septembre 1992 a déclaré que les fonds de pension privés pouvaient être créés par des entreprises, institutions, organisations, établisse..

«Бодался теленок с дубом» А. Солженицына в контексте этических исканий советской интеллигенции 1960–1970-х гг.

This article considers interpretations of ethical issues by representatives of the Soviet intelligentsia with reference to A. Solzhenitsyn’s The Oak and the Calf.The author argues that in the 1960s, Soviet scholars emphasised the universal character of morality, comprehending the problem of correlation of universal and class values in social practice. Ethical concepts were prescriptive and characterised by moral rigorism. Moral rigorism was also a feature of consciousness of the creative intelligentsia who traditionally perceived themselves and social processes through ethical categories. The intelligentsia were convinced of the educational mission of the community, which imposed a certain moral obligation. An intellectual had to set a behavioural pattern for society and serve noble ideals.Solzhenitsyn’s behaviour was perceived as exemplary by nonconformists. He demonstrated a focus on universal values and proclaimed the truth, conscience, and responsibility of a writer to the people the main ethical criteria.The analysis of The Oak and the Calf demonstrates that for Solzhenitsyn, ethics had instrumental value in his ideological struggle with the state. Speaking of his relationship with Tvardovsky and the editorial board of the Novyi Mir magazine, the writer deviated from the truth for the sake of ideology. He sought to prove that cooperation with the state destroyed the individual. This happened to Tvardovsky who compromised with his conscience. An honest man must fight with the state.The author is committed to the position of moral rigorism considering oppositional behaviour the only valuable form of behaviour from the moral point of view. This position was typical of Soviet dissidents of the 1960s–1970s.Автор статьи исследует трактовку вопросов этики представителями советской интеллигенции 1960–1970-х гг. В качестве примера взята книга А. Солженицына «Бодался теленок с дубом».Автор заявляет, что советские ученые в 1960-е гг. акцентировали общечеловеческий характер морали, осмысляли проблему соотношения универсальных и классовых ценностей в социальной практике. Этические концепции носили предписывающий характер, им был свойственен нравственный ригоризм. Нравственный ригоризм был также свойством сознания творческой интеллигенции, которая традиционно осмысливала себя и общественные процессы в этических категориях. Интеллигенция была убеждена в просветительской миссии сообщества, и это накладывало определенные моральные обязательства. Интеллигент должен демонстрировать обществу поведенческий образец, служить высоким идеалам. Поведение Солженицына оценивалось нонконформистами как образцовое. Он декларировал ориентацию на общечеловеческие ценности, провозглашал главными этическими критериями правду, совесть и ответственность писателя перед народом.Анализ книги «Бодался теленок с дубом» показывает, что этика была для Солженицына инструментальной ценностью в идеологической борьбе с государством. Рассказывая о взаимоотношениях с Твардовским и редакцией журнала «Новый мир», писатель отступил от правды ради идеологии. Он стремился доказать, что сотрудничество с государством разрушает личность. Это произошло с Твардовским, вступившим в компромисс со своей совестью. Честный человек должен бороться с государством.Автор стоит на позиции нравственного ригоризма, провозглашает оппозиционное поведение как единственно ценное с нравственной точки зрения. Такая позиция была типична для советских диссидентов 1960–1970-х гг

Miniaturisation of combline filters for switched-mode power amplifier systems

This paper presents a coaxial combline filter for a class-S power amplifier for an operating frequency of 450 MHz. According to the measurement results, the filter provides a bandwidth of 26 MHz, an insertion loss of 0.55 dB, and a second pass-band only at 2.8 GHz. As the filter dimensions are crucial for the envisaged application, different ways to miniaturise the filter are proposed and their features and disadvantages discussed

Formación de la legislación sobre el seguro de pensiones en Francia, el Reino Unido y Rusia. Una retrospectiva

The relevance of the study is due to the crisis of modern pension insurance systems and the need to change the paradigm of pension legislation development. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the formation of legislation on pension insurance in several countries (France, Great Britain, and Russia) at the initial stage of development (before 1914). The novelty is expressed both in the formulation of the problem and in the research methodology (the choice of countries and the period of research, the justification for the use of methods: dialectics, analysis, synthesis, system-structural, sociological, statistical, historical-legal, comparative-legal, formal-legal). The result of the study was the conclusions about the historical conditionality of the peculiarities of the formation of legislation on pension insurance in a particular country. There was early legalization of both voluntary and compulsory pension insurance in France. There was no legislation on pension insurance in the UK during the period under review, despite the early development of relevant institutions in the framework of workshops, guilds, and later in the framework of trade unions and “friendly societies”. In Russia, due to the agrarian nature of the economy, pension insurance did not develop within the framework of workshops and guilds; there were no laws on insurance in case of old age by 1914, while the risks of disability and loss of the breadwinner were regulated by law.El estudio analiza la crisis de los sistemas modernos pensionales y establece la necesidad de cambiar el paradigma de la legislación de pensiones. El objetivo del estudio consiste en identificar las características de la legislación sobre los seguros pensionales de varios estados (Francia, Reino Unido y Rusia) partiendo de su etapa inicial hasta 1914. La novedad se expresa tanto en la formulación del problema como en la metodología de investigación (selección de países y período de estudio, justificación de la aplicación de los métodos: dialéctico, de análisis, de síntesis, sistémico-estructural, sociológico, estadístico, histórico-legal, comparativo-legal, formal-legal). Como resultado del estudio se llegó a conclusiones sobre el condicionamiento histórico de las características de la formación de la legislación sobre el seguro de pensiones de un país en particular. En Francia, se promulgó una legislación temprana sobre el seguro de pension voluntario y también obligatorio en Francia. En el Reino Unido, durante el período que se examina, no había legislación sobre seguros de pensiones, a pesar del desarrollo temprano de las instituciones pertinentes dentro de los talleres, gremios y, posteriormente, dentro de la actividad de los sindicatos y las «sociedades fraternales». En Rusia, debido a la naturaleza agraria de la economía, el seguro de pensiones en el marco de los talleres y gremios nunca funcionó; en 1914 se adolecía de leyes sobre el seguro de vejez, mientras que los riesgos de discapacidad y la pérdida del sostén de la familia se regulaban por ley

Prescribing frequency and adherence to statins in outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and comorbid cardiovascular diseases

BACKGROUND: Due to the high rate of growth in the incidence and burden of cardiovascular complications, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a significant medical problem in the world. Even in the absence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), patients with T2DM are classified as high and very high risk. In addition to glycemic control, an extremely important aspect of managing this group of patients is prevention of cardiovascular complications. T2DM and hyperlipidemia determines the target group for statins. At the same time, little is known about the frequency of administration of this class of drugs among people with T2DM.AIM: To study prescribing frequency and adherence to statins in outpatients with T2DM and comorbid cardiovascular diseases.METHODS: 156 patients with type 2 diabetes (87.2% — women, average age — 65.2 years) were examined as part of an outpatient appointment with an endocrinologist at the city polyclinic ofTomsk. We used a standard questionnaire compiled on the basis of adapted international methods, including information on cardiac pathology, medications, income level, and Morisky-Green test. Anthropometric parameters, fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, lipid spectrum parameters were measured. Methods of parametric and nonparametric statistics were used for comparisons.RESULTS: Statins were prescribed to 45.0% of the surveyed, and 47.0% of them were constantly taking statins. In 41 and 39% of cases, statins were prescribed by an endocrinologist and a cardiologist, respectively. Those taking statins were characterized by a more severe functional class of angina pectoris (p=0.03), a higher prior myocardial infarction rate (p=0.01). For other concomitant diseases, and also indicators of carbohydrate metabolism, differences between the groups were not revealed. One third of patients were adherent (3–4 points), 2/3 were not adherent to treatment (0–2 points), respectively. Patients with incomes between 1 and 2 cost of living took statins more often than the rest (p=0.021).CONCLUSION: An insufficient frequency of prescription and adherence to statin therapy in patients with T2DM was revealed. In most cases, statins were prescribed by an endocrinologist or cardiologist. Functional class of angina pectoris, prior myocardial infarction and moderate income were associated with more frequent use of statins. To increase the coverage of patients with T2DM with statin treatment, more attention needs to be paid to the issues of CVD prevention from both medical professionals and patients