Commonly activated regions in FM patients and healthy control.

<p>Yellow clusters indicate common regions activated by painful stimuli in FM patients and healthy controls. Common regions include bilateral cerebellum, contralateral supramarginal gyrus, IFG and MFG.</p

Statistical comparisons of clinical scores.

<p>(Mean and SD.) (A) FM patients and healthy controls (B) pre-treatment group and post-treatment group. Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Widespread Pain Index (WPI), Symptom Severity Scale score (SSS), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). * <i>p</i> < 0.05, ** <i>p</i> < 0.01.</p

Pain-stimulation paradigm of the fMRI scan.

<p>Pain-stimulation paradigm of the fMRI scan.</p

Comparison between responders and non-responders according to medication therapy.

<p>Regions including bilateral fusiform, ipsilateral IPL and contralateral STG were more activated in responders.</p

Outline of the study design and classification of subjects used for evaluation of the effectiveness of pregabalin in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia, using fMRI.

<p>Outline of the study design and classification of subjects used for evaluation of the effectiveness of pregabalin in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia, using fMRI.</p

Comparison between FM patients and healthy controls.

<p>Augmented brain activation regions in FM patients compared with healthy controls resulting from the same level of subjective pain intensity (GBS level 14). Regions are Bilateral Supramarginal gyrus, ipsilateral cerebellum, contralateral calcarine, STG, IFG, thalamus and insula.</p

Commonly activated regions in pre-treatment and post-treatment.

<p>Functional magnetic resonance images showing activation in two regions, the supramarginal gyrus (arrow in left image) and inferior frontal gyrus (arrow in right image), during pressure-pain stimulation of subjectively strong intensity at both pre-treatment (yellow) and post-treatment (red) in the responder subgroup of FM patients.</p

Comparison between pre-treatment and post-treatment.

<p>Coronal view of functional magnetic resonance images showing activation regions with significantly increased BOLD signals at pre- <i>versus</i> post-treatment in the responder subgroup of FM patients. In bilateral thalamus, IPL, contralateral precuneus, calcarine and ipsilateral insula, BOLD signal of pre-treatment was greater than post-treatment.</p

Contrasting Molecular Clocks of Transitions at CpG Sites versus Those at Non-CpG Sites

<p>The <i>y</i>-axis shows the rate difference in the baboon-macaque pair to that in the human-chimpanzee pair. The Old World monkey pair has accumulated significantly more transitions in non-CpG sites, as expected by the generation time effect. In contrast, transitions at CpG sites, which are primarily of methylation origin, show no difference between the two pairs. Data are shown for all sites, repetitive sites (as identified from the RepeatMasker program [<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.0020163#pgen-0020163-b057" target="_blank">57</a>]), and nonrepetitive sites (after removing repetitive sites). Confidence intervals are generated by bootstrapping 10,000 times.</p

The Proportion of CpG Sites in Data Affects the Degree of Hominoid-Rate Slowdown

<p>We considered a simple model in which all sites can be classified into either CpG sites or non-CpG sites and estimated evolutionary rates in hominoids from the human-chimpanzee comparison. The <i>x</i>-axis is the proportion of CpG sites in the data. The <i>y</i>-axis is the observed degree of hominoid rate slowdown, shown as the ratio of the substitution rate in Old World monkeys to the rate in hominoids, given the “true” ratio (determined by the generation-time effect), depicted as <i>r</i>. While regions relatively devoid of CpG sites will reflect the true generation-time effect, the observed ratio approaches 1 as the data include more CpG sites (i.e., the substitution rate in hominoids and Old World monkeys will be similar). Data points for when data consists of 2.5% and 12% CpG sites for <i>r</i> = 1.3 and 1.4 are shown for convenience.</p