A Study on the Causal Relationship between Spot Price and Futures Price of Crude Oil and Agricultural Products

This paper studies the relationship between the agricultural, energy, and derivatives markets. This study empirically analyzes how the results of previous studies on the Granger causality between oil price and the spot price of agricultural products appear in the futures market by using the Toda and Yamamoto (1995)’ causality test. There are two main findings. First, 7 bidirectional causalities and 27 causalities between oil and 6 agricultural products are found, providing strong evidence of a causal relationship. Second, causality is found between oil prices and grain and oilseed type agricultural products, and the spot price of oil has relatively more causalities on agricultural product prices than the futures price of oil. Lastly, testing each period shows that a financial crisis can strengthen the relationship between the agriculture markets and the energy market

Autologous collagen-induced chondrogenesis: From bench to clinical development

Microfracture is a common technique that uses bone marrow components to stimulate cartilage regeneration. However, the clinical results of microfracture range from poor to good. To enhance cartilage healing, several reinforcing techniques have been developed, including porcine-derived collagen scaffold, hyaluronic acid, and chitosan. Autologous collagen-induced chondrogenesis (ACIC) is a single-step surgical technique for cartilage regeneration that combines gel-type atelocollagen scaffolding with microfracture. Even though ACIC is a relatively new technique, literature show excellent clinical results. In addition, all procedures of ACIC are performed arthroscopically, which is increasing in preference among surgeons and patients. The ACIC technique also is called the Shetty–Kim technique because it was developed from the works of A.A. Shetty and S.J. Kim. This is an up-to-date review of the history of ACIC