Personalized DP-SGD using Sampling Mechanisms

Personalized privacy becomes critical in deep learning for Trustworthy AI. While Differentially Private Stochastic Gradient Descent (DP-SGD) is widely used in deep learning methods supporting privacy, it provides the same level of privacy to all individuals, which may lead to overprotection and low utility. In practice, different users may require different privacy levels, and the model can be improved by using more information about the users with lower privacy requirements. There are also recent works on differential privacy of individuals when using DP-SGD, but they are mostly about individual privacy accounting and do not focus on satisfying different privacy levels. We thus extend DP-SGD to support a recent privacy notion called ($\Phi$,$\Delta$)-Personalized Differential Privacy (($\Phi$,$\Delta$)-PDP), which extends an existing PDP concept called $\Phi$-PDP. Our algorithm uses a multi-round personalized sampling mechanism and embeds it within the DP-SGD iterations. Experiments on real datasets show that our algorithm outperforms DP-SGD and simple combinations of DP-SGD with existing PDP mechanisms in terms of model performance and efficiency due to its embedded sampling mechanism.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure

Large Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in Spin-Orbit Proximitized Rhombohedral Graphene

The quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) is a robust topological phenomenon that features quantized Hall resistance at zero magnetic field. Here we report the observation of the QAHE in a rhombohedral pentalayer graphene/monolayer WS2 heterostructure. Distinct from all existing QAHE systems, this system has neither magnetic element nor moir\'e superlattice effect. The QAH states emerge at charge neutrality and feature Chern numbers C = +-5 at temperatures up to about 1.5 K. This large QAHE in our system arises from the synergy of the electron correlation effect in intrinsic flat bands of pentalayer graphene, the gate-tuning effect that breaks the layer/spin-degeneracy, and the proximity-induced Ising spin-orbit-coupling (SOC) effect that further lifts the valley-degeneracy. Our experiment demonstrates the great potential of crystalline two-dimensional materials for intertwined electron correlation and band topology physics, and points to engineering chiral Majorana edge states towards topological quantum computation

Effect of Facile p-Doping on Electrical and Optoelectronic Characteristics of Ambipolar WSe2 Field-Effect Transistors

We investigated the electrical and optoelectronic characteristics of ambipolar WSe2 field-effect transistors (FETs) via facile p-doping process during the thermal annealing in ambient. Through this annealing, the oxygen molecules were successfully doped into the WSe2 surface, which ensured higher p-type conductivity and the shift of the transfer curve to the positive gate voltage direction. Besides, considerably improved photoswitching response characteristics of ambipolar WSe2 FETs were achieved by the annealing in ambient. To explore the origin of the changes in electrical and optoelectronic properties, the analyses via X-ray photoelectron, Raman, and photoluminescence spectroscopies were performed. From these analyses, it turned out that WO3 layers formed by the annealing in ambient introduced p-doping to ambipolar WSe2 FETs, and disorders originated from the WO3/WSe2 interfaces acted as non-radiative recombination sites, leading to significantly improved photoswitching response time characteristics.The authors appreciate the financial support of the National Creative Research Laboratory program (Grant No. 2012026372) through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Korean Ministry of Science and ICT

Dual Gradient Based Snow Attentive Desnowing

In this paper, we propose a novel dual gradient-based desnowing algorithm that can accurately remove snow from a scene by characterizing snow particles. To localize snow in an image, we present a gradient-based snow activation map that can be estimated using snow classification. To recognize various patterns in the shapes and trajectories of snow particles, we introduce a gradient-based snow edge map. Using these two gradients, we estimate an accurate snow attention mask that is subsequently used for snow removal. In addition, we propose a translucency-aware context restoration network to handle various degrees of snow transparency and thus, prevent our method from losing the image context information during desnowing. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method considerably outperforms other state-of-the-art desnowing algorithms quantitatively and qualitatively

Accuracy, Robustness, and Efficiency of the Linear Boundary Condition for the Black-Scholes Equations

We briefly review and investigate the performance of various boundary conditions such as Dirichlet, Neumann, linear, and partial differential equation boundary conditions for the numerical solutions of the Black-Scholes partial differential equation. We use a finite difference method to numerically solve the equation. To show the efficiency of the given boundary condition, several numerical examples are presented. In numerical test, we investigate the effect of the domain sizes and compare the effect of various boundary conditions with pointwise error and root mean square error. Numerical results show that linear boundary condition is accurate and efficient among the other boundary conditions

Status of Emergency Signal Functions in Myanmar Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Introduction: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have a large percentage of globalmortality and morbidity rates from non-communicable diseases, including trauma. Theestablishment and development of emergency care systems is crucial for addressing thisproblem. Defining gaps in the resources and capacity to provide emergency healthcare in LMICsis essential for proper design and operation of ECS (emergency care services) reinforcementprograms. Myanmar has particular challenges with road access for providing timely emergencymedical care, and a shortage of trained health workers. To examine the ECS capacity in Myanmar,we used the Emergency Care Assessment Tool (ECAT), which features newly developed toolsfor assessing sentinel conditions and signal functions (key interventions to address morbidity andmortality) in emergency care facilities.Methods: ECAT is composed of six emergent sentinel conditions and corresponding signalfunctions. We surveyed a total of nine hospitals in five states in Myanmar. A constructed surveysheet was delivered by e-mail, and follow-up interviews were conducted via messenger to clarifyambiguous answers.Results: We categorized the nine participating institutions according to predefined criteria:four basic-level hospitals; four intermediate-level; and one advanced-level hospital. All basichospitals were weak in trauma care, and two of 12 signal functions were unavailable. Half of theintermediate hospitals showed weakness in trauma care, as well as critical care such as shockmanagement. Only half had a separate triage area for patients. In contrast, all signal functions andresources listed in ECAT were available in the advanced-level hospital.Conclusion: Basic-level facilities in Myanmar were shown to be suboptimal in traumamanagement, with critical care also inadequate in intermediate facilities. To reinforce signalfunctions in Myanmar health facilities, stakeholders should consider expanding critical functionsin selected lower-level health facilities. A larger scale survey would provide more comprehensivedata to improve emergency care in Myanmar

Status of Emergency Signal Functions in Myanmar Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Introduction: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have a large percentage of globalmortality and morbidity rates from non-communicable diseases, including trauma. Theestablishment and development of emergency care systems is crucial for addressing thisproblem. Defining gaps in the resources and capacity to provide emergency healthcare in LMICsis essential for proper design and operation of ECS (emergency care services) reinforcementprograms. Myanmar has particular challenges with road access for providing timely emergencymedical care, and a shortage of trained health workers. To examine the ECS capacity in Myanmar,we used the Emergency Care Assessment Tool (ECAT), which features newly developed toolsfor assessing sentinel conditions and signal functions (key interventions to address morbidity andmortality) in emergency care facilities.Methods: ECAT is composed of six emergent sentinel conditions and corresponding signalfunctions. We surveyed a total of nine hospitals in five states in Myanmar. A constructed surveysheet was delivered by e-mail, and follow-up interviews were conducted via messenger to clarifyambiguous answers.Results: We categorized the nine participating institutions according to predefined criteria:four basic-level hospitals; four intermediate-level; and one advanced-level hospital. All basichospitals were weak in trauma care, and two of 12 signal functions were unavailable. Half of theintermediate hospitals showed weakness in trauma care, as well as critical care such as shockmanagement. Only half had a separate triage area for patients. In contrast, all signal functions andresources listed in ECAT were available in the advanced-level hospital.Conclusion: Basic-level facilities in Myanmar were shown to be suboptimal in traumamanagement, with critical care also inadequate in intermediate facilities. To reinforce signalfunctions in Myanmar health facilities, stakeholders should consider expanding critical functionsin selected lower-level health facilities. A larger scale survey would provide more comprehensivedata to improve emergency care in Myanmar

The characteristics of pediatric emergency department visits in Korea: An observational study analyzing Korea Health Panel data.

OBJECTIVE:We investigated the characteristics of pediatric emergency department (ED) patients in Korea and determined factors associated with hospital admission after ED treatment. METHODS:Korea Health Panel data from 2008 through 2013 were analyzed retrospectively; we included patients under 18 years old who visited the ED at least once. We collected patient and household epidemiologic data such as sex, age group, region of residence, disability, chronic disease, household income quintile, national health insurance type, use of private insurance, and annual frequency of ED visits. We also examined data related to each ED visit, such as reason for visit, medical service provided, and hospital size/ownership. We then investigated which factors were correlated with case disposition (discharge home or hospital admission) after ED treatment. RESULTS:In total, 3,160 pediatric ED visits occurred during the six-year period. Males (57.5%) and children aged 0-5 years (47.7%) made more visits than females and older children, respectively. The proportion of ED visits for disease (67.7%) was much higher than for injury or poisoning (32.2%), and 452 cases (14.3%) required hospital admission. For hospital admission, the odds ratio (OR) of females was 0.73 compared to males, and the OR of children aged 6-11 was 0.68 compared to children aged 0-5. The OR of capital residents was 0.69 compared to province residents, and the OR of the highest income quintile was 0.51 compared to the lowest quintile. The OR of children with private insurance coverage was 0.49 compared to those lacking private insurance, and the OR of ED visits due to disease was 1.82 compared to visits due to injury/poisoning. CONCLUSION:This analysis of clinical and demographic characteristics of pediatric ED visits and hospital admissions can serve as the foundation of future prospective studies required for establishing appropriate policies for the Korean pediatric emergency medical system