BUFFER STOCK MODEL FOR STABILIZING PRICE WITH CONSIDERING THE EXPECTATION STAKEHOLDERS IN THE STAPLE-FOOD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The extremely different supplies between the harvest season and the planting season are one of serious problem in the staple-food distribution system. In free-market mechanism, this extreme difference will trigger price-volatility and shortage of staple-food. This situation causes opportunity-losses for the stakeholders (producer, consumer, agent and government) in the staple-food distribution system. The government has got incurred losses because the government cannot achieve food-security for the households. The government has several price stabilization policies; one of them is market intervention policy by using buffer stock schemes to stabilize price and to reduce losses for the stakeholders. The objective of this research is to determine the buffer stock schemes required for market-intervention program. In the previous researches, the buffer stock models have been developed separately based on optimization and econometrics methods. Optimizations methods have been used to determine the level of availability with schemes consist of time and quantity of buffer stock. Econometrics methods have been used to determine the equilibrium price by using the selling-price and the amount of buffer stock. In this research, the integration of optimization model (multi-objectives programming) and econometrics model are used to develop a buffer stock model with the decision variables that consist of quantity, time, and price. Key Words: Buffer Stock Model, Market-Intervention, Price-Stabilizatio

A Buffer Stocks Model for Stabilizing Price of Commodity under Limited Time of Supply and Continuous Consumption

Staple foods, in developing countries especially in Indonesia, have extremely volatile among harvest and planting season caused by inelastic of supply-demand and price disparity. When a staple food is shortage in market, it will trigger crisis of economics, political and social because it concerns with food security. This paper develops a buffer stock model for stabilizing price of commodity under limited time of supply and continuous consumption. The performance criterion of model will consider financial loss of producer, consumer and government side when market is interfered by price-stabilization program and price-support program simultaneously. The price fluctuation will be stabilized by market operation where buffer stocks are bought from domestic and import supply point. This paper provides a price band policy that attempts to bound domestic price variation between a set of upper and lower bounds on the level of domestic prices. We consider three sets of problems reflecting different three prices elasticity from 4 period of supply and demand. Numerical examples are found to be consistent with empirical estimates regarding the relationship price elasticity with price band and with government budget for the agenda of assisting household to assure availability a staple food with enough amounts at rational prices. Keywords: buffer stocks, price band, stabilization, limited time of supply, staple foods

AS-153-83 Resolution Regarding Retention, Tenure, and Promotion Timelines

Establishes new timelines for RPT actions

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATIONS IN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: (THE ILAWE SOCIETY EXPERIENCE)

Infrastructure is refers to those basic services without which primary, secondary and tertiary productive activities cannot function, this includes schools, water supply, electricity supply, roads and town halls among others. The purpose of the study was to highlight the history and urbanization process of Ilawe-Ekiti as well as the Development Associations in infrastructure development in Nigeria. The research survey method was adopted for use in this study. Questionnaire was used in collecting relevant information from the authority of the Ekiti South-West LGC officials and the developments associations. The findings revealed that problems encounter by the development associations ranges from low level of participations, economics and political crisis, funding and logistics problems. Finally the paper calls on encouragement of peoples/community participation toward the development of communities as well as locating cooperative banks which should be directed to give loan to the development associations. However, the two tiers of government, (local and state) particularly the LG that supposed to be grassroots-based, should identify these DAs, streamline their activities and provide adequate supervision, motivation, monitoring, coordination, and evaluation of their projects to support development.   Keywords: Development Associations, Infrastructure Development, Participation, Ilawe-Ekiti, Nigeria

A Buffer Stocks Model for Stabilizing Price in Duopoly-Like Market

This paper presents the staple-food distribution problem in agro-industry. There is a great difference of staple-food supplies in the harvest-season and in the planting-season meanwhile the demand is relatively constant. This situation will trigger price-volatility and shortage of staple-food, and it causes opportunity-losses for the stakeholders (producer, consumer, wholesaler/trader, and the government). For stabilizing the price, the government has several stabilization policies; one of them is market-intervention policy by using buffer-stocks schemes. The market-intervention policy should be utilized for improving producer’s profit, for cutting consumer’s expenditure, and for sustaining wholesaler’s margin-profit by implementing price-support and price-stabilization. In duopoly-like market, we assume that there are only two market-players in the distribution system. The objective of this research is to determine the instruments for operating Market-Intervention Program which consist of the quantity, time, and price of the buffer-stocks schemes. The problem was solved using 3 approaches. First, a comparative cost/benefit analysis between free-market and intervention-market can be used to formulate the objective function of each stakeholders. Second, the integration of optimization model and econometrics model were use to develop the decision-variables subject to the expectation of stakeholders, the buffer-stocks requirement, and the dynamics price equilibrium properties. Third, model market with Inventory was applied for solving the market-price equilibrium. The result could be used to analyze such the staple-food distribution system, incorporating the configuration of duo-producers, duo market-buyers, and duo-consumers. Keywords: buffer-stocks, duopoly-like market, market-intervention program, model market with inventory, and staple-food distribution system