The average annual number of OPD visits, and expenditures per person of different dental procedures among eligible patients and different CKD stages from 2000 to 2008.

<p>The eligible subjects were recruited patient from 2008 to 2010. N = 10,457.</p><p>Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; DENT, Dentistry; HC, healthy control; HR, high risk NT$, new Taiwan dollars; OPD, outpatient; WM, Western Medicine.</p>a<p>Expenditures were rounded to the nearest whole dollar.</p>b<p>ANOVA. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>c<p>Scheffe's test : HR>CKD.</p>d<p>Scheffe's test : HC>HR>CKD.</p>e<p>Scheffe's test : HR>CKD>HC.</p>f<p>Scheffe's test : HR>CKD>HC.</p>g<p>Scheffe's test : HR>HC>CKD.</p>h<p>Scheffe's test : Stage1>Stage2>Stage3a>Stage3b>Stage4>Stage5.</p>i<p>Scheffe's test : Stage3b>Stage2>Stage3a>Stage4>Stage5.</p

Cumulative OPD expenditures per person in WM, DENT, and TCM from 2000 to 2008.

<p>The eligible subjects were recruited from 2008 to 2010. N = 10,457. Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; DENT, Dentistry; HC, healthy control; HR, high risk; OPD, outpatient; NT$, new Taiwan dollars; TCM, Traditional Chinese Medicine; WM, Western Medicine.</p

The average annual number of OPD visits and expenditures per person in WM and DENT among eligible patients and different CKD stages from 2000 to 2008.

<p>The eligible subjects were recruited patient from 2008 to 2010. N = 10,457.</p><p>Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; DENT, Dentistry; HC, healthy control; HR, high risk NT$, new Taiwan dollars; OPD, outpatient; WM, Western Medicine.</p>a<p>Expenditures were rounded to the nearest whole dollar.</p>b<p>ANOVA. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>c<p>Scheffe's test : CKD>HR>HC.</p>d<p>Scheffe's test : HR>HC.</p>e<p>Scheffe's test :Stage5>Stage4>Stage3b>Stage3a>Stage2>Stage1.</p

Medical history, anthropometric measurements and oral habits of eligible patients.

<p>The eligible subjects were recruited patient from 2008 to 2010. N = 10,457.</p><p>Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVDs, cerebrovascular diseases; HC, healthy control; HR, high risk.</p>a<p>Underweight: BMI<18.5; Normal weight: BMI = 18.5–24; Overweight: BMI = 24–27; Obesity: BMI>27.</p>b<p>Chi-square test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p

Demographic characteristics and socioeconomic status of eligible subjects.

<p>Unless otherwise indicated, values are number (percentage). The eligible subjects were recruited patient from 2008 to 2010. N = 10,457.</p><p>Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; HC, healthy control; HR, high risk; NT$, new Taiwan dollars.</p>a<p>Chi-square test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism Contributes High Risk for Chronic Kidney Disease in Asian Male with Hypertension–A Meta-Regression Analysis of 98 Observational Studies

<div><p>Background</p><p>Associations between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been extensively studied, with most studies reporting that individuals with the D allele have a higher risk. Although some factors, such as ethnicity, may moderate the association between ACE I/D polymorphisms and CKD risk, gender-dependent effects on the CKD risk remain controversial.</p><p>Objectives</p><p>This study investigated the gender-dependent effects of ACE I/D polymorphisms on CKD risk.</p><p>Data sources</p><p>PubMed, the Cochrane library, and EMBASE were searched for studies published before January 2013.</p><p>Study eligibility criteria, participants, and interventions</p><p>Cross-sectional surveys and case–control studies analyzing ACE I/D polymorphisms and CKD were included. They were required to match the following criteria: age >18 years, absence of rare diseases, and Asian or Caucasian ethnicity.</p><p>Study appraisal and synthesis methods</p><p>The effect of carrying the D allele on CKD risk was assessed by meta-analysis and meta-regression using random-effects models.</p><p>Results</p><p>Ethnicity [odds ratio (OR): 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08–1.42] and hypertension (OR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.04–2.32) had significant moderate effects on the association between ACE I/D polymorphisms and CKD risk, but they were not significant in the diabetic nephropathy subgroup. Males had higher OR for the association between ACE I/D polymorphisms and CKD risk than females in Asians but not Caucasians, regardless of adjustment for hypertension (<i>p</i><0.05). In subgroup analyses, this result was significant in the nondiabetic nephropathy group. Compared with the I allele, the D allele had the highest risk (OR: 3.75; 95% CI: 1.84–7.65) for CKD in hypertensive Asian males.</p><p>Conclusions and implications of key findings</p><p>The ACE I/D polymorphisms may incur the highest risk for increasing CKD in hypertensive Asian males.</p></div

Characteristics of published studies included in this meta-analysis.

<p>CC: case control study; CS: cross-sectional survey; DN: diabetic nephropathy; non-DN: non diabetic nephropathy; GN: glomerulonephritis; HN: hypertensive nephropathy; Comb: combined; ESRD: only ESRD patients; non-ESRD: not only ESRD patients; UAE: urinary albumin excretion rate; ACR: Albumin creatinine ratio; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; CCr: creatinine clearance; RRT: renal replacement therapy; CT: computed tomography; SCr: serum creatinine.</p

Three way interaction of Asian, male and ACE D allele on all-cause CKD, diabetic nephropathy and non-diabetic nephropathy.

<p>Depend variable: log odds ratio of ACE I/D and CKD using allele type model.</p><p>β: coefficients in meta-regression; se: standard error of β.</p><p>Model 1: Hypertension was not included in independent variables.</p><p>Model 2: Hypertension was included in independent variables.</p><p>Egger’s test: p-value of Egger’s regression test.</p><p>€: references of parameters were 0%.</p>*<p>: p<0.05.</p

Odds ratio of ACE I/D and all-cause CKD, diabetic nephropathy, non-diabetic nephropathy using assumption of allele type, genotype, dominant and recessive model.

<p>Odds ratio of ACE I/D and all-cause CKD, diabetic nephropathy, non-diabetic nephropathy using assumption of allele type, genotype, dominant and recessive model.</p

Flow diagram of identification process for eligible studies in this study.

<p>n: number of studies were deleted for aforementioned reasons.</p