2,017 research outputs found
Higher derivative type II string effective actions, automorphic forms and E11
By dimensionally reducing the ten-dimensional higher derivative type IIA
string theory effective action we place constraints on the automorphic forms
that appear in the effective action in lower dimensions. We propose a number of
properties of such automorphic forms and consider the prospects that E11 can
play a role in the formulation of the higher derivative string theory effective
action.Comment: 34 page
Argyres-Douglas Loci, Singularity Structures and Wall-Crossings in Pure N=2 Gauge Theories with Classical Gauge Groups
N=2 Seiberg-Witten theories allow an interesting interplay between the
Argyres-Douglas loci, singularity structures and wall-crossing formulae. In
this paper we investigate this connection by first studying the singularity
structures of hyper-elliptic Seiberg-Witten curves for pure N=2 gauge theories
with SU(r+1) and Sp(2r) gauge groups, and propose new methods to locate the
Argyres-Douglas loci in the moduli space, where multiple mutually non-local BPS
states become massless. In a region of the moduli space, we compute dyon
charges for all 2r+2 and 2r+1 massless dyons for SU(r+1) and Sp(2r) gauge
groups respectively for rank r>1. From here we elucidate the connection to the
wall-crossing phenomena for pure Sp(4) Seiberg-Witten theory near the
Argyres-Douglas loci, despite our emphasis being only at the massless sector of
the BPS spectra. We also present 2r-1 candidates for the maximal
Argyres-Douglas points for pure SO(2r+1) Seiberg-Witten theory.Comment: 81 pages, 41 figures, LaTeX; v2: Minor cosmetic changes and
correction of a typographical error in acknowledgement. Final version to
appear in JHE
No entropy enigmas for N=4 dyons
We explain why multi-centered black hole configurations where at least one of
the centers is a large black hole do not contribute to the indexed degeneracies
in theories with N=4 supersymmetry. This is a consequence of the fact that such
configurations, although supersymmetric, belong to long supermultiplets. As a
result, there is no entropy enigma in N=4 theories, unlike in N=2 theories.Comment: 14 page
Behavioral implications of shortlisting procedures
We consider two-stage “shortlisting procedures” in which the menu of alternatives is first pruned by some process or criterion and then a binary relation is maximized. Given a particular first-stage process, our main result supplies a necessary and sufficient condition for choice data to be consistent with a procedure in the designated class. This result applies to any class of procedures with a certain lattice structure, including the cases of “consideration filters,” “satisficing with salience effects,” and “rational shortlist methods.” The theory avoids background assumptions made for mathematical convenience; in this and other respects following Richter’s classical analysis of preference-maximizing choice in the absence of shortlisting
BPS States, Refined Indices, and Quiver Invariants
For D=4 BPS state construction, counting, and wall-crossing thereof, quiver
quantum mechanics offers two alternative approaches, the Coulomb phase and the
Higgs phase, which sometimes produce inequivalent counting. The authors have
proposed, in arXiv:1205.6511, two conjectures on the precise relationship
between the two, with some supporting evidences. Higgs phase ground states are
naturally divided into the Intrinsic Higgs sector, which is insensitive to
wall-crossings and thus an invariant of quiver, plus a pulled-back ambient
cohomology, conjectured to be an one-to-one image of Coulomb phase ground
states. In this note, we show that these conjectures hold for all cyclic
quivers with Abelian nodes, and further explore angular momentum and R-charge
content of individual states. Along the way, we clarify how the protected spin
character of BPS states should be computed in the Higgs phase, and further
determine the entire Hodge structure of the Higgs phase cohomology. This shows
that, while the Coulomb phase states are classified by angular momentum, the
Intrinsic Higgs states are classified by R-symmetry.Comment: 51 pages, 5 figure
Constraints on Automorphic Forms of Higher Derivative Terms from Compactification
By dimensionally reducing the higher derivative corrections of
ten-dimensional IIB theory on a torus we deduce constraints on the E_{n+1}
automorphic forms that occur in d=10-n dimensions. In particular we argue that
these automorphic forms involve the representation of E_{n+1} with fundamental
weight \lambda^{n+1}, which is also the representation to which the string
charges in d dimensions belong. We also consider a similar calculation for the
reduction of higher derivative terms in eleven-dimensional M-theory.Comment: Minor corrections, to appear in JHE
Of cattle, sand flies and men : a systematic review of risk factor analyses for South Asian visceral leishmaniasis and implications for elimination
Background: Studies performed over the past decade have identified fairly consistent epidemiological patterns of risk
factors for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian subcontinent.
Methods and Principal Findings: To inform the current regional VL elimination effort and identify key gaps in knowledge,
we performed a systematic review of the literature, with a special emphasis on data regarding the role of cattle because
primary risk factor studies have yielded apparently contradictory results. Because humans form the sole infection reservoir,
clustering of kala-azar cases is a prominent epidemiological feature, both at the household level and on a larger scale.
Subclinical infection also tends to show clustering around kala-azar cases. Within villages, areas become saturated over a
period of several years; kala-azar incidence then decreases while neighboring areas see increases. More recently, post kalaazar
dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) cases have followed kala-azar peaks. Mud walls, palpable dampness in houses, and peridomestic
vegetation may increase infection risk through enhanced density and prolonged survival of the sand fly vector.
Bed net use, sleeping on a cot and indoor residual spraying are generally associated with decreased risk. Poor micronutrient
status increases the risk of progression to kala-azar. The presence of cattle is associated with increased risk in some studies
and decreased risk in others, reflecting the complexity of the effect of bovines on sand fly abundance, aggregation, feeding
behavior and leishmanial infection rates. Poverty is an overarching theme, interacting with individual risk factors on multiple
levels.
Conclusions: Carefully designed demonstration projects, taking into account the complex web of interconnected risk
factors, are needed to provide direct proof of principle for elimination and to identify the most effective maintenance
activities to prevent a rapid resurgence when interventions are scaled back. More effective, short-course treatment
regimens for PKDL are urgently needed to enable the elimination initiative to succeed
Optimizing Human Synovial Fluid Preparation for Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Proteome analysis is frequently applied in identifying the proteins or biomarkers in knee synovial fluids (SF) that are associated with osteoarthritis and other arthritic disorders. The 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) is the technique of choice in these studies. Disease biomarkers usually appear in low concentrations and may be masked by high abundant proteins. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to find the most suitable sample preparation method that can optimize the expression of proteins on 2-DE gels that can be used to develop a reference proteome picture for non-osteoarthritic knee synovial fluid samples. Proteome pictures obtained from osteoarthritic knee synovial fluids can then be compared with the reference proteome pictures obtained in this study to assist us in identifying the disease biomarkers more correctly.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The proteomic tool of 2-DE with immobilized pH gradients was applied in this study. A total of 12 2-DE gel images were constructed from SF samples that were free of osteoarthritis. In these samples, 3 were not treated with any sample preparation methods, 3 were treated with acetone, 3 were treated with 2-DE Clean-Up Kit, and 3 were treated with the combination of acetone and 2-D Clean-Up Kit prior to 2-DE analysis. Gel images were analyzed using the PDQuest Basic 8.0.1 Analytical software. Protein spots that were of interest were excised from the gels and sent for identification by mass spectrometry. Total SF total protein concentration was calculated to be 21.98 ± 0.86 mg/mL. The untreated SF samples were detected to have 456 ± 33 protein spots on 2-DE gel images. Acetone treated SF samples were detected to have 320 ± 28 protein spots, 2-D Clean-Up Kit treated SF samples were detected to have 413 ± 31 protein spots, and the combined treatment method of acetone and 2-D Clean-Up Kit was detected to have 278 ± 26 protein spots 2-DE gel images. SF samples treated with 2-D Clean-Up Kit revealed clearer presentation of the isoforms and increased intensities of the less abundant proteins of haptoglobin, apolipoprotein A-IV, prostaglandin-D synthase, alpha-1B-glycoprotein, and alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein on 2-DE gel images as compared with untreated SF samples and SF samples treated with acetone.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The acetone precipitation method and the combined treatment effect of acetone and 2-DE Clean-Up Kit are not preferred in preparing SF samples for 2-DE analysis as both protein intensities and numbers decrease significantly. On the other hand, 2-D Clean-Up Kit treated SF samples revealed clearer isoforms and higher intensities for the less abundant proteins of haptoglobin, apolipoprotein A-IV, prostaglandin-D synthase, alpha-1B-glycoprotein, and alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein on 2-DE gels. As a result, it is recommended that SF samples should be treated with protein clean up products such as 2-D Clean-Up Kit first before conducting proteomic research in searching for the relevant biomarkers associated with knee osteoarthritis.</p
The gender perspective in climate change and global health
Background: Population health is a primary goal of sustainable development. United Nations international conferences like the Beijing Platform for Action have highlighted the key role of women in ensuring sustainable development. In the context of climate change, women are affected the most while they display knowledge and skills to orient themselves toward climate adaptation activities within their societies. Objective: To investigate how the gender perspective is addressed as an issue in research and policy-making concerning climate change and global health. Methods: A broad literature search was undertaken using the databases Pubmed and Web of Science to explore the terms ‘climate change,’ ‘health,’ ‘gender,’ and ‘policy.’ Climate change and health-related policy documents of the World Health Organization (WHO) and National Communications and National Adaptation Programs of Action reports submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of selected countries were studied. Assessment guidelines to review these reports were developed from this study's viewpoint. Results: The database search results showed almost no articles when the four terms were searched together. The WHO documents lacked a gender perspective in their approach and future recommendations on climate policies. The reviewed UN reports were also neutral to gender perspective except one of the studied documents. Conclusion: Despite recognizing the differential effects of climate change on health of women and men as a consequence of complex social contexts and adaptive capacities, the study finds gender to be an underrepresented or non-existing variable both in research and studied policy documents in the field of climate change and health
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