Immobilization of old yellow enzymes via covalent or coordination bonds

Ene-reductases (ERs) belonging to the old yellow enzyme (OYE) family have been thoroughly investigated for the stereospecific reduction of activated prochiral C=C double bonds. In this work, OYE3 was immobilized both by covalent binding on glyoxyl-agarose (OYE3-GA), and by affinity-based adsorption on EziG™ particles (OYE3-EziG). The immobilized OYE3-GA was demonstrated to be active (activity recovery = 52%) and to retain almost 100% of its activity under the enzymatic assay conditions (50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7, 28 °C) for six days, whereas the activity of the non-immobilized enzyme dropped to 50% after two days. In the case of EziG™, the highest activity recovery (54%) was achieved by using the most hydrophilic carrier (EziG™ Opal) that was selected for the full characterization of this type of enzyme preparation (stability, recycling, re-use, enzyme leakage). OYE3-EziG was slightly less stable than OYE3-GA under the same experimental conditions. OYE3-GA could be recycled and re-used for up to 12 reaction cycles in the bioreduction of α-methyl-trans-cinnamaldehyde; after 12 runs, the highest conversion achieved was 40%. In the case of the co-immobilized OYE3/GDH-EziG, the conversion dropped to 56% after two reaction cycles. No enzyme leakage was detected over 48 h for both OYE3-GA and OYE3/GDH-EziG (50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7, 28 °C). These seed results pave the way for a true optimization of the immobilization of OYE3, as well as for the use of immobilized OYE3 for preparative applications both in batch and continuous flow conditions

Synthesis of Ribavirin, Tecadenoson, and Cladribine by enzymatic transglycosylation

Despite the impressive progress in nucleoside chemistry to date, the synthesis of nucleoside analogues is still a challenge. Chemoenzymatic synthesis has been proven to overcome most of the constraints of conventional nucleoside chemistry. A purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Aeromonas hydrophila (AhPNP) has been used herein to catalyze the synthesis of Ribavirin, Tecadenoson, and Cladribine, by a “one-pot, one-enzyme” transglycosylation, which is the transfer of the carbohydrate moiety from a nucleoside donor to a heterocyclic base. As the sugar donor, 7-methylguanosine iodide and its 2′-deoxy counterpart were synthesized and incubated either with the “purine-like” base or the modified purine of the three selected APIs. Good conversions (49-67%) were achieved in all cases under screening conditions. Following this synthetic scheme, 7-methylguanine arabinoside iodide was also prepared with the purpose to synthesize the antiviral Vidarabine by a novel approach. However, in this case, neither the phosphorolysis of the sugar donor, nor the transglycosylation reaction were observed. This study was enlarged to two other ribonucleosides structurally related to Ribavirin and Tecadenoson, namely, Acadesine, or AICAR, and 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine, or CCPA. Only the formation of CCPA was observed (52%). This study paves the way for the development of a new synthesis of the target APIs at a preparative scale. Furthermore, the screening herein reported contributes to the collection of new data about the specific substrate requirements of AhPNP

Synthesis of ribavirin, tecadenoson, and cladribine by enzymatic transglycosylation

Despite the impressive progress in nucleoside chem. to date, the synthesis of nucleoside analogs is still a challenge. Chemoenzymic synthesis has been proven to overcome most of the constraints of conventional nucleoside chem. A purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Aeromonas hydrophila (AhPNP) has been used herein to catalyze the synthesis of Ribavirin, Tecadenoson, and Cladribine, by a "one-pot, one-enzyme" transglycosylation, which is the transfer of the carbohydrate moiety from a nucleoside donor to a heterocyclic base. As the sugar donor, 7-methylguanosine iodide and its 2'-deoxy counterpart were synthesized and incubated either with the "purine-like" base or the modified purine of the three selected APIs. Good conversions (49-67%) were achieved in all cases under screening conditions. Following this synthetic scheme, 7-methylguanine arabinoside iodide was also prepd. with the purpose to synthesize the antiviral Vidarabine by a novel approach. However, in this case, neither the phosphorolysis of the sugar donor, nor the transglycosylation reaction were obsd. This study was enlarged to two other ribonucleosides structurally related to Ribavirin and Tecadenoson, namely, Acadesine, or AICAR, and 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine, or CCPA. Only the formation of CCPA was obsd. (52%). This study paves the way for the development of a new synthesis of the target APIs at a preparative scale. Furthermore, the screening herein reported contributes to the collection of new data about the specific substrate requirements of AhPNP. [on SciFinder(R)

Immobilization of old yellow enzymes via covalent or coordination bonds

Ene-reductases (ERs) belonging to the old yellow enzyme (OYE) family have been thoroughly investigated for the stereospecific reduction of activated prochiral C=C double bonds. In this work, OYE3 was immobilized both by covalent binding on glyoxyl-agarose (OYE3-GA), and by affinity-based adsorption on EziGTM particles (OYE3-EziG). The immobilized OYE3-GA was demonstrated to be active (activity recovery = 52%) and to retain almost 100% of its activity under the enzymatic assay conditions (50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7, 28 ◦C) for six days, whereas the activity of the non-immobilized enzyme dropped to 50% after two days. In the case of EziGTM, the highest activity recovery (54%) was achieved by using the most hydrophilic carrier (EziGTM Opal) that was selected for the full characterization of this type of enzyme preparation (stability, recycling, re-use, enzyme leakage). OYE3-EziG was slightly less stable than OYE3-GA under the same experimental conditions. OYE3-GA could be recycled and re-used for up to 12 reaction cycles in the bioreduction of α-methyl-trans-cinnamaldehyde; after 12 runs, the highest conversion achieved was 40%. In the case of the co-immobilized OYE3/GDH-EziG, the conversion dropped to 56% after two reaction cycles. No enzyme leakage was detected over 48 h for both OYE3-GA and OYE3/GDH-EziG (50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7, 28 ◦C). These seed results pave the way for a true optimization of the immobilization of OYE3, as well as for the use of immobilized OYE3 for preparative applications both in batch and continuous flow condition

Use of Immobilized Amine Transaminase from Vibrio fluvialis under Flow Conditions for the Synthesis of (S)-1-(5-Fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-ethanamine

We report on the covalent immobilization of the (S)-selective amine transaminase from Vibrio fluvialis (Vf-ATA) and its use in the synthesis of (S)-1-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-ethanamine, a key intermediate of the JAK2 kinase inhibitor AZD1480. Immobilized Vf-ATA on glyoxyl-agarose (activity recovery: 30 %) was used in a packed-bed reactor to set-up a continuous flow biotransformation coupled with a straightforward in-line purification to circumvent the 2-step process described in literature for the batch reaction. The newly developed biotransformation was run in a homogeneous system including dimethyl carbonate as a green co-solvent. Optically pure (S)-1-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-ethanamine (ee >99 %) was isolated in 35 % yield

Use of Immobilized Amine Transaminase from Vibrio fluvialis under Flow Conditions for the Synthesis of (S)-1-(5-Fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-ethanamine

We report on the covalent immobilization of the (S)-selective amine transaminase from Vibrio fluvialis (Vf-ATA) and its use in the synthesis of (S)-1-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-ethanamine, a key intermediate of the JAK2 kinase inhibitor AZD1480. Immobilized Vf-ATA on glyoxyl-agarose (activity recovery: 30 %) was used in a packed-bed reactor to set-up a continuous flow biotransformation coupled with a straightforward in-line purification to circumvent the 2-step process described in literature for the batch reaction. The newly developed biotransformation was run in a homogeneous system including dimethyl carbonate as a green co-solvent. Optically pure (S)-1-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-ethanamine (ee >99 %) was isolated in 35 % yield