269 research outputs found
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄: ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ "ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°"
Comparative textual analysis of the information exchange flows during the communication process allows identifying the relationship of a variety of texts conveying one meaning. Identification of parallel relations between the original text and the text of the translation in the communication process can only be of conditional nature. The text can serve as an instrument in identifying the dependence of the meaning on the pragmatic purpose of the communication process. In the terms of practice we are concerned only with the lexico-grammatical features of texts for translation and represent eight duads, which make up the functional paradigm of our research. In modern times text corpora tend to have clichΓ©d texts due to common sources of the original information as well as coinciding propositions and presuppositions of the addressers and the addressees. Basically, we see these clichΓ©d texts as semantically and quite often formally parallel. Parallel texts can be used for comparison in an intralingual environment at all levels of the language system. Our research shows that there are three main types of parallel texts which correlate with the three components: pragmatics, semantics and syntagmatics. Our theoretical frameworks have been applied in teaching foreign languages as well as translation skills to senior students with SDL TRADOS translation software used as a teaching tool on the point βThis is how I do it, now you do it betterβ.Π‘ΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ», Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π²ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ². Π€ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅. Π ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π‘ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
. Π ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π΄, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π½, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
. ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Β«ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Β», ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ SDL TRADOS. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌ Β«ΠΠ΅Π»Π°ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ, Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΉ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΒ»
ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ: ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ
There is a correlation between the sense of lingual sign (the means of nomination) and the sense of speech sign (the means of designation). The nature of this correlation is in the possibility of using lingual sign for the designation of the referent. It relies on the coincidence of signification and designation features.ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ. ΠΠ½Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²
ΠΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° Π² Π΄Π²ΡΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
The solution to the problem of making a qualitative assessment of a translation is complicated by the lack of a quantitative assessment of the majority of the linguistic parameters. The abstractive representation of the arrangement of a verbal and textual activity seems to be a possible solution to this problem. This study provides the method of visual and spatial representation of a discourse in its evolution.Π Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π°Π±ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ - ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ° - ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°
The concepts of a systematic approach to the educational aspects of translators` training. Elements of understanding the cultural problems of translation teaching. Asymmetry of the dyad language-culture.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΠΌ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π΄Ρ Β«ΡΠ·ΡΠΊβΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°Β»
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄: Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·
Contemporary translation can be viewed as analytical and synthetic process with the primary instrumental technique of this process being contrastive analysis.Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° - ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄: ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΌ - Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ
The peculiarity of this article is the new realizing of a unit of translation concept in the field of translating and interpreting activity. There is an attempt to answer the question: what is to be considered as a unit of translation in general and in the linguistic reason in particular? We introduce our views on the balance between a unit of a thought and a unit of translation when we use the technology of the stereotype interaction. For a translator a unit of a thought as a portion of realized information might be a unit for translation. So, we conclude: a frame of knowledge might be a unit of a thought and a unit of translation simultaneously and consequently.ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ - ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π°Ρ
. Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. Π ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π€ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π° Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ
The axiom that an interpreter translates not words but the meaning requires his ability to generate the instinct of perceiving the maximum possible volume of the information to be translated. Such instinctive perception is to activate an interpreter`s intuitive perception of the meaning in one language as well as his ability to provide rational interpretation of it by expressive means of the other language.ΠΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ° Β«ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°, Π° ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Β» ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π° Π²ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°
Journeying through Dementia: the story of a 14 year design-led research enquiry
Consider a linear ordering equipped with a finite sequence of monadic
predicates. If the ordering contains an interval of order type \omega or
-\omega, and the monadic second-order theory of the combined structure is
decidable, there exists a non-trivial expansion by a further monadic predicate
that is still decidable.Comment: 18 page
Trees over Infinite Structures and Path Logics with Synchronization
We provide decidability and undecidability results on the model-checking
problem for infinite tree structures. These tree structures are built from
sequences of elements of infinite relational structures. More precisely, we
deal with the tree iteration of a relational structure M in the sense of
Shelah-Stupp. In contrast to classical results where model-checking is shown
decidable for MSO-logic, we show decidability of the tree model-checking
problem for logics that allow only path quantifiers and chain quantifiers
(where chains are subsets of paths), as they appear in branching time logics;
however, at the same time the tree is enriched by the equal-level relation
(which holds between vertices u, v if they are on the same tree level). We
separate cleanly the tree logic from the logic used for expressing properties
of the underlying structure M. We illustrate the scope of the decidability
results by showing that two slight extensions of the framework lead to
undecidability. In particular, this applies to the (stronger) tree iteration in
the sense of Muchnik-Walukiewicz.Comment: In Proceedings INFINITY 2011, arXiv:1111.267
Characterization of Hepatitis B Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus among HIV/HBV Co-Infected Patients from the Republic of Guinea
Aim. Molecular genetic characterization of hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus in patients with HIV / HBV co-infection living in the Republic of Guinea. Materials and methods. 2168 blood serum samples obtained from the Republic of Guinea residents β blood donors and conditionally healthy people, without suspicion of Ebola virus disease, UK RUSAL employees and their families, as part of their routine medical examination. The presence of serological and molecular biological markers of HIV and HBV was examined. When HIV/HBV co-infection was detected, the nucleotide sequences of the complete HBV genomes and the HIV pol gene fragment were sequenced. Results and discussion. HIVserological markers were detected in 239 people (11.02 %). HIV RNA was detected in 31 people, which accounted for 12.9 % of patients in the seropositive group (1.43 % of the total group). HBV serological markers among HIV RNAs-positive individuals were detected in 29.03 % of patients, including 16.12 % HBsAg and 12.9 % anti-HBcore IgG. HBV DNA was detected in all HBsAg-positive and in two anti-HBcore IgG-positive patients, as well as in 12 people negative for all HBV serological markers analyzed in the work. Thus, HBV DNA was found in 61.29 % of HIV RNA-positive individuals. Based on the pol gene fragment nucleotide sequences analysis of 19 HIV samples, it was shown that the HIV circulating recombinant form CRF02_AGΒ prevails in the examined group (52.63 %) compared with HIV A1 (42.1 %), one sample was an independent recombinant of genotypes A1 and G. HBV phylogenetic analysis of the studied samples showed that genotype E prevails β 47.36 %, compared with HBV D1 β 21.05 %, D2 β 15.78 %, D3 β 10.52 % and A2 β 5.26 %. HIV and HBV samples have been detected that carry drug resistance mutations despite the antiretroviral therapy absence. HIV and HBV drug resistance mutations identification in ART-naive patients emphasizes the need for HIV surveillance programs as well as routine testing for HBV and HIV and HBV drug resistance before starting antiretroviral therapy in the clinical management of patients in the country
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