A Case Control study of Lipoprotein a levels in patients with Atherosclerotic Peripheral Arterial Occlusive disease

INTRODUCTION: Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) is a major contributor to hospitalisations to any Vascular Surgery Unit, worldwide. The prevalence of PAOD is on the rise around the world; more alarmingly among developing nations like ours. The majority of hospitalisations (both diagnostic and therapeutic) for lower limb arterial insufficiency worldwide are linked to PAOD. Since the current standard of care for atherosclerotic PAOD involves a multimodality approach of risk factor reduction by life style modification, medications and interventions which include surgical and endovascular repairs, the financial burden of this disease is immense. The risk factor profile for atherosclerotic PAOD encompasses the traditional risk factors associated with cardiac atherosclerotic vascular disease, which include age, smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Studies have demonstrated an association with elevated Lp (a) and cardiac atherosclerosis. Lp (a) accelerates atherosclerosis at various levels; starting from increased endocytosis of VLDL by macrophages in the arterial wall, to inhibiting clot lysis. Recent data from studies done in an Indian population corroborates the above; demonstrating a correlation between elevated Lp (a) levels and CAD. Based on this information, therapeutic measures to lower Lp (a) levels have been demonstrated to improve outcomes in coronary artery disease. Since atherosclerotic PAOD shares the same risk factor profile as CAD, it is hypothesized that Lp(a) levels may be elevated in atherosclerotic PAOD patients. OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of patients with atherosclerotic peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) who have elevated Lipoprotein (a) [Lp (a)] levels. METHODS: This was a prospective, non-randomized, case-control study conducted among patients who presented with symptomatic atherosclerotic peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Informed consent was taken for the cases and controls and the patients were subjected to a fasting blood sample of serum Lipoprotein a which was analysed in the Biochemistry laboratory. RESULTS: Elevated Lp (a) levels were found in 89.1% of the cases as opposed to 54.5% of the control population with an odds ratio of 6.8 with a p value of <0.001(95% CI 2.5-18.5). The type of presentation did not correlate with elevated Lp (a) levels. Other atherosclerotic risk factors did not have a statistically significant effect on Lp (a) levels suggesting that Lp (a) was an independent risk factor leading to the development of PAOD. CONCLUSIONS: 1. There was an elevated level of Lp (a) in both cases and controls. 2. The elevated level was more significant in cases than in controls. 3. Among the atherosclerotic risk factors only hypertension correlated with an increase in Lp (a) levels. 4. More data needs to be collected to ascertain the normal level of Lp(a) in the Indian population. 5. Randomised control trials need to be carried out to assess the effect on Lp (a) lowering therapy on patients with PAOD

A REVIEW ON STABILITY TESTING GUIDELINES OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS

Stability studies must be carried out according to the guidelines provided by the International Conference of Harmonization, World Health Organization, and other agencies in a scheduled manner. The pharmaceutical product’s stability can be defined as the ability, within its physical, chemical, microbiological, toxicology, protective, and informational requirements of a particular formulation in a specific container-closure system. It also guarantees that the performance, safety, and efficacy are maintained throughout the shelf life of any pharmaceutical product which is considered as pre-requisite for acceptance and approval. Different stability test methods have originated with the need for constant monitoring of drugs and products for their quality and purity. In this review, we have included the types of stability of drugs substances, the relevance of different methods used to test the stability of the pharmaceutical product, guidelines issued to test the stability of pharmaceuticals, stability testing protocols which describes the main components of a well-controlled and regulated stability test and other aspects of stability

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Not AvailableDog ticksare the most widespread ticks in the world and are well-recognized vectors of many pathogens affecting dogs and occasionally humans. A total of 352 dogs of different breeds were examined for the presence of ticks from June 2009 to May 2011 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The collected ticks were identified as Rhipicephalussanguineus. The overall prevalence of ticks was 58.52pert. Among the seasons, highest prevalence of R. sanguineuswas observed in northeast monsoon (34.46pert) followed by southwest monsoon (30.10pert), summer (23.79pert) and lowest level in winter (11.65pert). Adultdogs were heavily infested with R. sanguineus ticks than the puppies (67.96 pert vs 32.04pert). Male dogs were highly infested (74.76pert) than the female dogs (25.24 pert). Among the breeds, Spitz was highly infested (28.16 pert) followed by mongrels (24.76pert), Labrador (17.48pert), German shepherd (12.44pert) and Doberman (4.37pert). Other breeds were infested with very low levels ranging from 0.49 pert to 2.43 pert. Hairy breeds (Spitz, Labrador, German shepherd, Lhasa Apso, Border collie, Golden Retriever and Pomeranian) were heavily infested with ticks (61.17 pert) than the non-hairy breeds (38.83 pert)Not Availabl

Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of 1‑Oxa-6,6aλ⁴- chalcogenopentalenes and Related Derivatives; The Role of Intramolecular Coordination

The synthesis and characterization of a series of alicyclic organochalcogen compounds derived from 2-chloro-1-formyl-3-hydroxymethylenecyclohexene (<b>16</b>) are described. The reaction of <b>16</b> with disodium disulfide afforded an unexpected 1-oxa-6,6aλ⁴-dithiapentalene <b>33</b>, whereas the reaction of disodium diselenide afforded 1-oxa-6,6aλ⁴-diselenapentalene <b>34</b>, along with 1,6-dioxa-6a-selenapentalene <b>35</b>. In contrast, when <b>16</b> was treated with Na₂Te₂, it resulted in the formation of 1-oxa-6,6aλ⁴-ditellurapentalene <b>36</b> along with 1,6-dioxa-6a-tellurapentalene <b>37</b> and cyclic monotelluride <b>38</b>. The oxidation of 1-oxa-6,6aλ⁴-diselenapentalene <b>34</b> with <i>m</i>-CPBA provided the corresponding 1-oxa-6,6aλ⁴-diselenapentalene-6,6aλ⁴-dioxide <b>39</b> in which both of the selenium atoms were found to be oxidized. The 1-oxa-6,6aλ⁴-dichalcogenopentalenes <b>33</b>, <b>34</b>, and <b>36</b> are stabilized by 3c-4e bond resulting from intramolecular E···O interaction. The donor oxygen donates a lone pair of electrons to the σ* orbital of acceptor E–E bond (E = S, Se, and Te) whose σ bond already has its bond pair electrons. The existence of intramolecular E···O interactions was established by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray analysis, and computational studies. The single crystal X-ray structures of compounds <b>33</b>, <b>34</b>, and <b>36</b> reveal that the molecules are almost planar. Nucleus-independent chemical shifts were calculated to compare the aromaticity in both the five-membered rings of <b>33</b>, <b>34</b>, <b>36</b> and 1,6-dioxa-6a-chalcopentalenes (<b>35</b> and <b>37</b>). The isotropic shift values of the covalently fused five-membered heterocyclic rings are more negative than the five-membered heterocyclic rings formed by intramolecular coordination

Fabrication of copper sulfide nanoparticles from b

A nanomaterial has played a major role in protecting the environment-related issues. The prime reason for that nanomaterials synthetics approach is greener pathway, without using any hazardous chemicals and solvents. A huge number of plant-mediated metal sulfide nanoparticle (especially, Copper sulfide) synthesis has been reported and is still successfully continuing, because of its cost effective manner, eco-friendly nature, simple approach, reaction was carried out room temperatur. The current reports to synthesis of Copper sulfide nanostuctured materials through the green patch way, using Boswellia Ovalifoliolata leaves extract. From the UV-Visible spectroscopy noticed nanoparticles absorbance value is around 325 nm. As identified by FT-IR spectroscopy, a variety sources of phytochemicals in the extract which are responsible for the reduction of metal ions and stabilizing of the nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction studies revealed that nanomaterials were crystalline in nature, average crystalline size around 11 nm. SEM revealed that nanoparticles are spherical in nature and average size is 38.43 nm. The current report emphasizes that the materials are an excellent catalyst activity for the reduction of environmental pollutant azo dyes, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The current article highlights the reduction of the azo dyes, antibacterial and antioxidant activity so the nanomaterials are apromising for the reduction of polluntat dyes

Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of 1‑Oxa-6,6aλ⁴- chalcogenopentalenes and Related Derivatives; The Role of Intramolecular Coordination

The synthesis and characterization of a series of alicyclic organochalcogen compounds derived from 2-chloro-1-formyl-3-hydroxymethylenecyclohexene (<b>16</b>) are described. The reaction of <b>16</b> with disodium disulfide afforded an unexpected 1-oxa-6,6aλ⁴-dithiapentalene <b>33</b>, whereas the reaction of disodium diselenide afforded 1-oxa-6,6aλ⁴-diselenapentalene <b>34</b>, along with 1,6-dioxa-6a-selenapentalene <b>35</b>. In contrast, when <b>16</b> was treated with Na₂Te₂, it resulted in the formation of 1-oxa-6,6aλ⁴-ditellurapentalene <b>36</b> along with 1,6-dioxa-6a-tellurapentalene <b>37</b> and cyclic monotelluride <b>38</b>. The oxidation of 1-oxa-6,6aλ⁴-diselenapentalene <b>34</b> with <i>m</i>-CPBA provided the corresponding 1-oxa-6,6aλ⁴-diselenapentalene-6,6aλ⁴-dioxide <b>39</b> in which both of the selenium atoms were found to be oxidized. The 1-oxa-6,6aλ⁴-dichalcogenopentalenes <b>33</b>, <b>34</b>, and <b>36</b> are stabilized by 3c-4e bond resulting from intramolecular E···O interaction. The donor oxygen donates a lone pair of electrons to the σ* orbital of acceptor E–E bond (E = S, Se, and Te) whose σ bond already has its bond pair electrons. The existence of intramolecular E···O interactions was established by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray analysis, and computational studies. The single crystal X-ray structures of compounds <b>33</b>, <b>34</b>, and <b>36</b> reveal that the molecules are almost planar. Nucleus-independent chemical shifts were calculated to compare the aromaticity in both the five-membered rings of <b>33</b>, <b>34</b>, <b>36</b> and 1,6-dioxa-6a-chalcopentalenes (<b>35</b> and <b>37</b>). The isotropic shift values of the covalently fused five-membered heterocyclic rings are more negative than the five-membered heterocyclic rings formed by intramolecular coordination