Effects of Estrogen on Coronary Artery Calcification and the Relationship Between Osteoporosis and Cardiovascular Diseases in Postmenopausal Women

DergiPark: 1020947tmsjEstrogen deficiency is known to be one of the causes of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Coronary artery calcification is one of the major factors of cardiovascular disease. The studies related to the effects of estrogen on coronary artery calcification and the possible relation between osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease rapidly increased in recent years. Estrogen levels decrease in postmenopausal women and can lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Estrogen could affect cardiovascular diseases by mediating the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand-osteoprotegerin system in vascular smooth muscle cells and autophagy in cardiomyocytes. Current evidence indicates that estrogen has an increasing effect on bone mineral density by multiple biochemical pathways: increasing calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal system, decreasing excretion of calcium in the kidneys, reducing bone resorption, such as enchanting osteoblasts, suppressing osteoclasts by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines, and inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts by essentially inhibiting the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand-osteoprotegerin system. Recent studies showed a significant relationship between coronary artery calcification and osteoporosis due to estrogen’s role in these pathogeneses, which can be prevented by using estrogen hormone therapy for post- menopausal women. In this review, we focused on the molecular mechanisms of estrogen in the development of coronary artery calcification and osteoporosis and the effects of estrogen hormone therapy on cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women

The Relationship Between Chronotypes and Physical Activity in Healthy Young Medical Students

DergiPark: 439205tmsjAims: The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between circadian rhythm and physical activity in students of Trakya University School of Medicine ranging from 1st to 5th grade. Methods: Horne amp; Östberg’s Morningness-Eveningness questionnaire and International Physiological Activity Scale were used to compare physical activity and chronotype features of 1st to 5th grade students of Trakya University School of Medicine. Pearson Chi-Square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to evaluate the results of the study. Results: This study included 351 medical students, of whom 143 were male and 208 were female. The mean age of the study population was 20.79 ± 1.9. There were 32 (9.1%) morning-type, 234 (66.5%) intermediate-type and 85 (24.4%) evening-type volunteers. Out of all, 102 (29.0%) were inactive, 177 (50.3%) minimal active and 73 (20.7%) active. There was no significant relationship between physical activity and chronotype differences between the study groups. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed no relationship between physical activity and chronotype in healthy young medical students. Circadian preference may not be considered as an effective factor for daily physical activity

Investigation of Exercise Dependency Attitude in Cyclists

DergiPark: 379030tmsjAims:The aim of this study is to determine the relation between exercise dependency, exercise dependency frequency and sportive habits correspondent to cycling.Methods: There were 165 voluntary participants between the ages of 18 and 62. They have filled out Exercise Dependency Scale-21 and by dint of the scale they have been categorized into 3 following groups: “Dependent”, “Non Dependent Symptomatic” and “Non Dependent Asymptomatic”. The participants’ medical conditions and traits of cycling were determined by an evaluation form and compared in between the groups. For the data acquired, Kruskal Wallis test was used for the comparison in between the groups; Mann-Whitney-U test was used to compare the data of two groups. This study was approved by the local ethics board. Results: When the data analyzed with Exercise Dependency Scale-21, it was determined that there were 9 (5.5%) people who were “dependent”, 107 (67.8%) people who were “non dependent symptomatic” and 49 (29.7%) people who were “non dependent asymptomatic”. The weekly cycling time in the last year was found more in the dependent (19.6±15.5) group and the symptomatic (11.6±11.1) group than the asymptomatic (7.8±7.4) group (respectively p=0.017 and p=0.015). Weekly cycling frequency was found more both in the dependent (6.8±3.6) group and the symptomatic (5.9±12.5) group than the asymptomatic (3.5±3.3) group (respectively p=0.005 ve p=0.044). Furthermore the last year’s weekly cycling frequency of dependent group was higher than the symptomatic group (p=0.0016). In this study, there is no significant difference depending on the consumption of alcohol and cigarettes.Conclusion:In this study, exercise dependency of the cyclists is determined to be 5.5%. According to the Exercise Dependency Scale-21, the weekly exercise duration and frequency of the dependent group were higher than the symptomatic and the asymptomatic groups. Therefore, consumption of alcohol and cigarettes by the groups were similar, thus exercise dependency is not coherent with the consumption of alcohol and cigarette

The Effects of Vegetarian Diet on the Cardiovascular System

DergiPark: 1020956tmsjVegetarianism is the refusal to eat meat and its products for various reasons. Furthermore, veganism is against eating and using all products derived from an- imals. Numerous studies have stated that plant-based nutrition reduces the risk of cardiovascular system diseases, but also cannot supply the requirement of some vitamins and minerals. Although a vegetarian diet may decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases, the findings of the studies related to the low intake of protein, vitamins, or minerals should be taken into account in terms of harmful effects. In this review, the studies have been reviewed about the effects of plant-based nutrition on the human cardiovascular system

The alteration of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels induced by postural changes in archery athletes

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, okçuluk sporu yapan genç erkek sporcuların plazma atriyal natriüretik peptid (ANP) düzeylerinde oturur ve yatar durumdaki değişimi ve kardiyak fonksiyonlarını incelemektir. Gereçler ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya, gönüllü 6 okçuluk sporcusu ve 10 sedanter erkek katıldı. Katılımcılardan 10 dk'lık oturma sonrası ve 10 dk'lık yatar durumdan sonra venöz kan alındı. Plazma ANP düzeyleri ELISA yöntemi ile ölçüldü. Kardiyak parametreler ekokardiyografi ile belirlendi. Bulgular: Okçuluk sporcularının oturur durumdaki plazma ANP düzeylerinin (72.12±14.01 pg/ml) sedanter grubun oturur durumdaki ANP düzeylerinden (36.22±14.51 pg/ml) yüksek olduğu bulundu (p<0.01). Aynı şekilde okçuluk sporcularının yatar durumdaki ANP düzeyleri de (124.41±14.66 pg/ml) sedanterlere göre (36.95±9.83 pg/ml) anlamlı yükseklik gösterdi (p<0.01). Sporcu grubun plazma ANP düzeyleri oturur duruma göre yatar durumda artmış bulundu (p<0.01). Sedanter grubun ANP düzeylerinde ise oturur duruma göre yatar durumda anlamlı bir artış saptanmadı. Sporcu ve sedanterlerin ekokardiyografik parametreleri benzer bulundu. Sonuç: Çalışmamıza göre okçulukla ilgili yapılan düzenli egzersizler, kalpte belirgin fonksiyonel ve morfolojik değişim olmaksızın, plazma ANP düzeylerinde farklılıklara neden olabilir. Okçuluk sporu yapanların plazma ANP düzeyinde postürle ilişkili belirgin farklılıklar oluşabilir.Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate plasma atrial natriuretic peptid levels in sitting and supine positions and cardiac functions in young male archery athletes. Materials and Methods: Six archery athletes and 10 sedentary males volunteered to participate in the study. Venous blood samples were taken after 10 minutes sitting and after 10 minutes in supine position. Plasma ANP levels were measured by the ELISA method. Cardiac parameters were assessed by echocardiography. Results: Plasma ANP levels in sitting position were higher in archery athletes (72.12&plusmn;14.01 pg/ ml) than sedentaries (36.22&plusmn;14.51 pg/ml; p&lt;0.01). Similarly, plasma ANP levels in supine position (124.41&plusmn;14.66 pg/ml) were significantly higher in the athletes than sedentaries (36.95&plusmn;9.83 pg/ml). Plasma ANP levels were higher in supine position than those in sitting position in archery athletes (p&lt;0.01). No significant increase in plasma ANP levels were found in supine position than sitting position in sedentary group. Echocardiographic parameters were similar in athletes and sedentary subjects. Conclusion: It is concluded that regular archery exercises without prominent functional and morphological alterations in the heart may cause differences in plasma ANP levels. Marked posture-related alterations may occur in plasma ANP levels of trained archery athletes

Fruktozdan zengin beslenen sıçanlarda istemli fiziksel aktivitenin metabolik ve kardiyak işlevlere etkisi

Amaç: Fruktozdan zengin beslenme metabolik değişiklikler ve kardiyak hastalık riskini artırıcı etkiler oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı fruktozdan zengin beslenen sıçanlarda istemli fiziksel aktivitenin metabolik ve kardiyak işlevlerdeki etkilerini araştırmaktır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Erkek Wistar albino sıçanlar kontrol K grubu n=7 , on hafta boyunca fruktozlu içme suyuyla beslenen fruktoz F grubu n=7 ve fruktozlu içme suyuyla beslenerek istemli fiziksel aktivite yapan fruktoz-aktivite FA grubu n=7 olarak ayrıldı. Beslenme sürecinde grupların günlük sıvı alımları ve haftalık vücut ağırlıkları ölçüldü. Beslenme periyodu sonrasında kanda glukoz, trigliserit, total kolesterol, HDL, LDL düzeyleri enzimatik yöntemle, insülin, TNF-α ve IL-6 düzeyleri ELİSA metodu ile belirlendi. Kalpler Langendorff düzeneğine yerleştirilerek sol ventrikül gelişim basıncı, maksimum ve minimum sol ventrikül basınç değişim oranları dp/dt maks ve dp/dt min kaydedildi. Kalp, akciğer ve karaciğer ağırlıkları belirlendi. Bulgular: Kilo alımı FA grupta 95,1±14,3 gr , F grubu 109,0±6,6 gr ve K grubundan 113,4±10,9 gr daha az düzeydeydi p=0,04 ve p=0,03 . Karaciğer ağırlığı F grubunda 11,8±1,0 gr , K 9,7±1,3 gr ve FA 10,2±0,7 gr gruplarından yüksek bulundu p=0,01 ve p=0,01 . Serum glukoz, insülin, trigliserit, total kolesterol, HDL, LDL, TNF-α ve IL-6 düzeylerinde gruplar arasında farklılık bulunmadı. Kardiyak işlev açısından,dp/dt maks düzeyinin FA grupta 2351,6±442,2 , F grubu 1320,7±542,2 ve K grubundan 1756,5±468,7 yüksek olduğubelirlendi p=0,01 ve p=0,05 . Sonuç: Bu çalışma bulguları on hafta boyunca içme suyuna %10 oranında fruktoz eklenerek beslenen sıçanlarda istemli fiziksel aktivitenin kilo alımını azaltıcı ve kardiyak kontraktiliteyi artırıcı rol oynayabileceğini göstermektedi

The effect of high-fructose feeding on hemodynamic behavior and infarct size of isolated rat hearts subjected to low-flow ischemia.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the potentially deleterious effect of in vivo high-fructose feeding of rats on ex vivo hemodynamic recovery and infarct size of isolated rat hearts subjected to low-flow ischemia and reperfusion. Methods: After feeding Sprague-Dawley male rats with a high-fructose (n=9), high-glucose (n=9) or a standard diet (n=9) for four weeks, the hearts were extirpated and perfused ex vivo with a Krebs-Henseleit solution for 15 min; thereafter the hearts were subjected to low flow (0.3 ml/min) ischemia during 30 min followed by 60 min reperfusion. Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), first derivative of pressure development during the contraction and relaxation phase and heart rate were recorded prior to ischemia and after reperfusion. Infarct area was measured at the end of the reperfusion period. Results: In isolated hearts, subjected to ex vivo low-flow ischemia followed by 60 min reperfusion, the relative myocardial infarct size did not differ between the three groups. Post-ischemic cardiac contractile recovery appeared to be complete in both the high-fructose and high-glucose group at 60 min reperfusion. In contrast, in the control group LVDP and left ventricular relaxation rate were still depressed at the end of 60 minutes of reperfusion. Conclusion: Feeding with a high-fructose diet of rats appears to have a positive effect on the recovery of left ventricular contractile function after low-flow ischemia, in comparison to a standard diet, without a difference in relative myocardial infarct size. Similar results were obtained in the high-glucose fed rats

Atriyal natriüretik peptid infüzyonunun izole sıçan kalbinde iskemi sonrası oluşturduğu hemodinamik değişikliklerde egzersizin rolü

Amaç: Bu çalışmada düşük akımlı iskemi sonrası reperfüzyon döneminde atriyal natriüretik peptid ANP uygulamasının sol ventrikül hemodinamik yanıtlarına etkisi ve bu etkide egzersizin rolü araştırıldı. Gereç ve yöntem: Çalışmada yer alan tüm sıçanlara 60 dakika düşük akımlı iskemi ve takiben 120 dk reperfüzyon uygulandı. Egzersiz E gruplarına ardışık olarak beş gün süreyle yürüyüş egzersizini takiben iskemi ve reperfüzyon uygulandı. Reperfüzyonun ilk 15 dakikasında 0.1 μM/L ANP infüzyonu yapılan iki grup; ANP n=6 ve Egzersiz-ANP n=6 gruplarını oluşturdu. Tüm gruplarda sol ventrikül gelişim basıncı SVGB , maksimum ve minimum sol ventrikül basınç değişim oranları +dP/dt and -dP/dt kaydedildi. Bulgular: Kontrol K , E, ANP ve E-ANP gruplarının SVGB, +dp/dt, -dp/dt ve kalp hızı değerleri iskemi öncesinde ve iskemi sonrası reperfüzyonun 1, 60 ve 120. dakikalarında karşılaştırıldığında gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık göstermedi. Benzer şekilde infarkt alanlarının yüzde değerleri karşılaştırıldığında dört grup arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık bulunmadı. Sonuç: Kısa süreli yoğun egzersiz, reperfüzyon döneminde ANP uygulamasına bağlı kardiyak kontraktilitede oluşan değişimleri etkilememektedi

Fiziksel Aktivitenin Kısıtlanması: Yetişkin Ve Yaşlı Yetişkin Bireyler Arasındaki Farklılıklar

Fiziksel hareketsizlik, vücut yapılarının ve işlevlerinin genelde azalma eğilimi gösterdiği ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, hipertansiyon, tip 2 diyabet, dislipidemi gibi hastalıkların oluşumu açısından risk artışına neden olan bir süreçtir. Koronavirüs (Covid-19) pandemisi ileri yaşlı kişilerde fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinin azalmasına, fiziksel hareketsizliğin artmasına neden olmuştur. Fiziksel aktivite düzeyinin azalmasına neden olan bu pandemi döneminde ileri yaştaki bireylerin fiziksel hareketsizlik durumundan etkilenme riskleri genç yaşlardaki bireylere göre daha fazladır. Bu derlemede, fiziksel aktivite azlığının yaşlıların kas iskelet sisteminde ve performansında yaratacağı değişimler ile kronobiyolojik değişimler incelenmektedir. Ayrıca yetişkinler (18-64 yaş) ile yaşlı yetişkinler (≥65 yaş) arasında metabolik süreçler, kardiyak ve bağışıklık sistemi açısından görülen farklılıklar üzerinde durulmaktadır.Physical inactivity is a process in which body structures and functions generally tend to decrease and increase the risk of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. The coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic caused a decrease in physical activity levels and increased physical inactivity in elderly subjects. In this pandemic period, which causes a decrease in the level of physical activity, elderly individuals more affected by physical inactivity than younger individuals. In this review, the changes caused by lack of physical activity in the musculoskeletal system and performance of the elderly and the chronobiological changes are examined. In addition the differences in metabolic processes, cardiac and immune systems between adults (18-64 years) and older adults (≥65 years) are empha sized