Aplicação da amostragem em rodízio em povoamentos clonais de Eucalyptus sp. em região tropical do Brasil

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Sylvio Péllico NettoCoorientadores : Prof. Dr. Sebastião do Amaral Machado e Profª. Drª. Ana Paula Dalla CorteDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal. Defesa: Curitiba, 24/02/2016Inclui referências : f. 46-49;76-77;98;135Área de concentração : Manejo florestalResumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar o processo de amostragem em rodízio para povoamentos de Eucalyptus. Para isso, foram usados duas fontes de dados, sendo: 1) Povoamentos de Eucalyptus sp. que somam 2.110,66 hectares, localizados em região tropical do Brasil, contemplando três Unidades Anuais de Produção (UAP), com idade inicial de 2,5 anos (UAP 2,5), 3,5 anos (UAP 3,5) e 4,5 anos (UAP 4,5), remedidas anualmente entre 2011 e 2014, numa intensidade amostral de 1 Unidade Amostral a cada 2,5 hectares (1:2,5), totalizando 845 Unidades Amostrais (UA) de área variável, alocadas em grid sistemático quadrado; 2) Povoamentos de Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden que somam 123,90 hectares, localizado em Três Barras, Santa Catarina, contemplando talhões com idade media de 6,2 anos, mensurados em uma única ocasião em 2015, numa intensidade amostral de 1:3, totalizando 41 UA de área variável e para o talhão 12, numa intensidade de 1:1, totalizando 7 UA de área fixa e 7 de área variável, sendo a distribuição das UA de forma aleatória, para ambos os casos. Para melhor apresentação, foram produzidos 3 capítulos que abordam: 1) Classificação de sítios florestais em povoamentos de Eucalyptus sp. Em região tropical do Brasil; 2) Método de amostragem com probabilidade proporcional a área variável (PPAV) em povoamentos de Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden em Tres Barras, Santa Catarina; 3) Apresentação conceitual do processo de amostragem em rodízio para povoamentos de Eucalyptus sp. em região tropical do Brasil. No capitulo I foram ajustados modelos com fundamentação biológica aplicando os métodos da curva guia (gide-curve-GC), diferenças algebricas (Algebraic Difference Approach - ADA) e das diferenças algébricas generalizadas (Generalized Algebraic Difference Approach -GADA) para avaliacao de sitios florestais. De maneira complementar, a geoestatística (via krigagem ordinaria) foi usada para modelar a distribuição espacial da capacidade produtiva e obter, consequentemente, a delimitação geográfica e computo de área por UAP e classe de sitio. Neste capitulo foram usados os softwares ArcGis 10.2.2, Microsoft Excel, R e Statgraphics. No capitulo 2 o método com probabilidade proporcional a área variável (PPAV) foi aplicado aos dados de povoamentos de Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden, sendo este comparado com o uso do método de área fixa, cuja probabilidade de ocorrência dos indivíduos e proporcional a área (PPA). Na comparação entre PPAV e PPA foi usada uma imagem aérea de altíssima resolução espectral (0,25cm), tomada por Veiculo Aéreo não Tribulado (VANT) para contagem total das arvores vivas do talhão 12 e calculo de sua área em hectare. No capitulo 3 o processo de amostragem em rodízio foi aplicado nas três diferentes intensidades amostrais: 1:2,5, 1:5 e 1:10, sendo comparado com a maior intensidade amostral (1:2,5). A analise estatística da amostragem foi realizada de forma estratificada por UAP e classe de sitio. Por fim, o modelo de Clutter (1963) foi ajustado para gerar a prognose da produção na idade de referencia de 7 anos, com base nas diferentes intensidades amostrais e identificar o impacto que essas geram nos estimadores de predicao do volume em nível de povoamento. Palavras-chave: Geoestatística, técnicas de amostragem, capacidade produtiva.Abstract: The aim of this study was to apply the trundle sampling process to stands of Eucalyptus. For this, two data sources were used: 1) Stands of Eucalyptus sp. totaling 2,110.66 hectares, located in the tropical region of Brazil, comprising three Annual Production Units (APUs), with initial age of 2.5 years old (UAP 2.5), 3.5 years old (UAP 3.5) and 4.5 years old (APU 4.5), remeasured annually between 2011 and2014, with a sampling intensity of 1 Sampling Unit - SU every 2.5 hectares (1: 2.5),totaling 845 sampling units of variable area, allocated in a square systematic grid; 2)Stands of Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden totaling 123.90 hectares, located in Três Barras, Santa Catarina State, including plots with an average age of 6.2 years old, measured on a single occasion in 2015, with a sampling intensity of 1:3 hectares, totaling 41variable area SUs and also for the compartment 12, an intensity of 1:1, totaling 7fixed area plots and 7 with variable area, both sets randomly distributed. To better organize the presentation, three separated chapters were included covering: 1) Classification of forest sites in Eucalyptus sp. in tropical region of Brazil; 2) Sampling process with probability proportional to the variable area (PPVA) in stands of Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden in Três Barras, Santa Catarina State 3) Concept presentation for the Trundle Sampling - TS for stands of Eucalyptus sp. in tropical region of Brazil. In chapter 1, models with biological foundation were adjusted applying the methods of the guide curve (gide-curve-GC), algebraic differences (Algebraic Difference Approach - ADA) and generalized algebraic differences approach (Generalized Algebraic Difference Approach - GADA) for forest site evaluations. Additional to that, geostatistic (kriging ordinary) was used to model the spatial distribution of growth and yield capacity and obtain therefore the geographic a boundaries and area computation by APU and site index class. In this chapter ArcGIS software 10.2.2, Microsoft Excel, R and Stat graphics were used. In chapter 2,the method with probability proportional of variable area (PPVA) was applied to stands of Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden, and was compared to the fixed area method, whose probability of inclusion of individuals is proportional to a defined area (PPA).To compare PPAV and PPA an aerial image of highest spectral resolution (0,25m),taken by VANT was obtained for total count of live trees in the stand 12 and to calculate its area in hectare. In Chapter 3 the sampling procedure was applied using Trundle Sampling with three different sample intensities: 1: 2.5, 1: 5 and 1:10, and compared with the largest sample size (1:2.5). The statistical analysis was performed applying stratification by APU and site index class. Finally, the Clutter model (1963)was applied to generate the growth and yield equation for a reference age of 7 years old, based on different sample sizes and identify the impact caused by them on volume prediction estimators at stand levels. Key-words: Geostatistic, sampling techniques, productive capacity

Contribution of three rivers to floodplain and coastal productivity in the Gulf of Carpentaria: Finfish catch and growth

Barramundi were used as an indicator species for the effects of river flows on estuaries because they use a variety of aquatic habitats (marine to freshwater) and are an iconic fisheries species of significance in northern Australia. The Fisheries Queensland commercial catch logbook and monitoring data for length, age and reproductive data provide a long-term data series of this estuarine-dependent species in the Gulf of Carpentaria (GoC)

Flow impacts on estuarine finfish fisheries of the Gulf of Carpentaria

The estuaries of Australia s tropical rivers support commercial fisheries for finfish and shellfish valued at over $220 million per annum. There are also significant tourism-related and local recreational and indigenous fisheries for icon species such as barramundi. Development of water resources in Australia's Tropical Rivers region is being considered for the Flinders, Mitchell, McArthur, Roper, Daly and Victoria catchments. Greater knowledge of the freshwater requirements of tropical aquatic ecosystems, including estuaries is crucial, so that the communities of catchments where water resource development occurs can be assured that the downstream effects of such development are considered and managed based on the best available knowledge

Multiple ciguatoxins in the flesh of fish

Most cases of ciguatera (fish poisoning) result from consumption of the flesh of fishes contaminated with ciguatoxin(s); however, the relatively low toxicity of ciguateric fish flesh has hindered attempts to identify these ciguatoxin(s). Utilising high performance liquid chromatography, mass spectroscopy and mouse bioassay signs we have determined that ciguatoxin-1 (MH+m/z = 1112), ciguatoxin-2 and ciguatoxin-3 are the major ciguatoxins present in the flesh of ciguateric fish. Ciguatoxin-1, -2 and -3 were present in yields of 0.19, 0.09 and 0.02 μg/kg flesh, respectively, in Scomberomorus commersoni; 0.08, 0.09 and 0.07 μg/kg flesh, respectively, in Plectropomus spp. and; 0.67, 0.61 and 0.06 μg/kg flesh, respectively, in Pomadasys maculatus. Two minor toxins, which may be further oxidised analogues of ciguatoxin-1 and ciguatoxin-2, were also identified. The presence of multiple ciguatoxins in fish flesh has important consequences for the detection of ciguateric fish and may be a contributing factor to the observed variability in the symptoms of ciguatera

Genetic variation and stock structure of school mackerel and spotted mackerel in northern Australian waters

The total mean sample heterozygosity calculated from eight polymorphic loci was 0·172 (0·047 S.E.) (Fst 0·025) for school mackerel Scomberomorus queenslandicus, and for spotted mackerel S. munroi was 0·110 (0·074 S.E.) (Fst 0·038). There was no evidence of temporal variation for either species as significant genetic differences were not detected between months or year classes within areas. Spatially, school mackerel have a complex stock structure, with stocks being associated with large embayments. In contrast, spotted mackerel appear to comprise a single stock in Australian east coast waters. Both species showed a significant pattern of stock structure between Australian east coast and northern (Arafura Sea) samples

Freshwater flows affect the year-class strength of barramundi Lates calcarifer in the Fitzroy River estuary, Central Queensland

The age-structure of the commercial catch of barramundi in the Fitzroy River estuary, central Queensland, was examined over fi ve consecutive years and used to estimate year-class strength (= index of recruitment). Barramundi year-class strength fl uctuated and was signifi cantly and positively correlated with freshwater flow and coastal rainfall in spring and summer. General linear models were used to identify relationships between year-class strength and freshwater variables, and explained between 85 and 90% of the variation in barramundi year-class strength. The results provide further evidence that recruitment variation in barramundi: (i) persists over time; and (ii) is signifi cantly correlated with the volume to freshwater flowing into the estuary. We reviewed the evidence in support of the three causal mechanisms currently proposed to explain the relationship between year-class strength and juvenile barramundi recruitment; and propose an additional mechanism, that of enhanced growth rates and thus increased survival of young-of-the-year. Freshwater flow is an important driver of barramundi recruitment, and reduction in flow, through water abstraction or climate change, will potentially reduce barramundi stock size available for human harvest. As such, fi shery stock assessments for barramundi should explicitly consider the impacts of variable flow on annual recruitment and stock dynamics

Stock discrimination of school mackerel, Scomberomorus queenslandicus, and spotted mackerel, Scomberomorus munroi, in coastal waters of eastern Australia by analysis of minor and trace elements in whole otoliths

The concentrations of 11 elements in individual whole sagittal otoliths from school mackerel (Scomberomorus queenslandicus) and spotted mackerel (Scomberomorus munroi) collected in east coast waters of Queensland, Australia (16°S to 28°S) were determined by using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Spatial and ontogenetic variation in otolith elemental composition was examined to make inferences about the stock structure of these species. Stepwise canonical discriminant analyses of the concentrations of barium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, phosphorus, sulphur, and strontium were used to differentiate groups of fish. These analyses identified an optimum grouping of at least two stocks of school mackerel and a single stock of spotted mackerel in the study region, although our results showed that the most informative comparisons were made among fish of the same year class. The age of fish in collected samples produced strongly significant effects on mean elemental composition of otoliths. These patterns offered independent support for hypotheses about stock structure from previous tagging, catch monitoring, ageing, and reproductive studies. Discrimination between school and spotted mackerel stocks will enable the species to be managed on the basis of stock structure throughout their east coast distribution

Freshwater-flow requirements of estuarine fisheries in tropical Australia: a review of the state of knowledge and application of a suggested approach

The freshwater-flow requirements of estuarine fisheries in tropical areas are reviewed, with reference to species important to fisheries in northern Australia. Fisheries production, in terms of catch, is often elevated during, or as a consequence of, years with higher river flow, but the causality of these relationships often remains unproven. Scientific information on the freshwater-flow requirements important to fisheries production is increasingly being sought during the planning, allocation and management of water resources within Australia and in other countries around the world. Frequently, such advice is based on the analysis of catch and freshwater flow (or rainfall), or on life-history information. Clarifying fisheries-specific goals of water management would assist in prioritising research into the freshwater-flow requirements of estuarine fisheries. A framework that integrates life-history information and correlative analyses is suggested to assist in understanding the freshwater-flow requirements of estuarine fisheries. The framework is also useful in identifying knowledge gaps and pertinent research questions. The approach is illustrated through its application to identifying key freshwater-flow events likely to be important for fisheries production in a dry tropical estuary in Queensland, Australia