Oil Revenue and State Budget Dynamic Relationship: Evidence from Bahrain

The main purpose of the study is to investigate the short run and long run relationship between government revenues and government expenditures in Bahrain over the period from 1990 to 2017. Using annual data and time series analysis, the study indicated that the above two variables, government revenues and government expenditures were integrated of order one when both Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillip-Perron (PP) unit root tests were applied. The empirical results have revealed that unidirectional causality runs from government revenues to government expenditures. Thus, there is evidence in support of “revenue-spend” hypothesis. Finally, the results revealed that a 1% increase in oil revenue induces an increase in government expenditures by 1.37%. Therefore, policymakers in Bahrain should focus to further diversify the sources of government revenues from non-oil sectors in such a way that the country will be immune to vulnerability, especially when world oil market performs poorly. Keywords: Oil revenues, Cointegration, Government expenditures, Government revenues, Granger causality, Bahrain. JEL Classifications: E62, H20, H30, C30, C40, C51 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.699

Mediterranean Tapeweed \u3cem\u3ePosidonia oceanica\u3c/em\u3e (L.) Delile, an Endangered Seagrass Species

THE MOST plentiful and important seagrass in the Mediterranean Sea is Posidonia oceanica L. (Delile) because of its ability to create a three-dimensional habitat with high biodiversity and to build the “matte”(a terrace of interlaced rhizomes and roots trapping sediment). This matte highly influences coast features in terms of wave attenuation and shoreline stabilization. In addition, P. oceanica meadows, which could extend along the coast, from the shoreline until 40m depth, are directly exposed to anthropic pressure coming from the coastal zones and it is particularly sensitive to the environmental conditions. In the last decades, human activities in coastal areas impacted sedimentary processes severely affecting P. oceanica meadows with consequent seagrass loss. This review aims to shed light on the importance of this plant, the extent of its dangerous status, and to urge the international community and governments to try to protect it in all possible ways, especially in Egypt

Non-metal sensory electrode design and protocol of DNA-nucleobases in living cells exposed to oxidative stresses

Sensory protocols for evaluation of DNA distortion due to exposure to various harmful chemicals and environments in living cells are needed for research and clinical investigations. Here, a design of non-metal sensory (NMS) electrode was built by using boron-doped carbon spherules for detection of DNA nucleobases, namely, guanine (Gu), adenine (Ad), and thymine (Th) in living cells. The key-electrode based nanoscale NMS structures lead to voids with a facile diffusion, and strong binding events of the DNA nucleobases. Furthermore, the NMS geometric structures would significantly create electrode surfaces with numerous centrally active sites, curvature topographies, and anisotropic spherules. The NMS shows potential as sensitive protocol for DNA-nucleobases in living cells exposed to oxidative stresses. In one-step signaling assay, NMS shows high signaling transduction of Gu-, Ad-, and Th-DNA nucleobases targets with ultra-sensitive and low detection limits of 3.0, 0.36, and 0.34 nM, respectively, and a wide linear range of up to 1 μM. The NMS design and protocol show evidence of the role of surface construction features and B-atoms incorporated into the graphitic carbon network for creating abundant active sites with facile electron diffusion and heavily target loads along with within-/out-plane circular spheres. Indeed NMS, with spherule-rich interstitial surfaces can be used for sensitive and selective evaluation of damaged-DNA to various dysfunctional metabolism in the human body

Power-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields In The Home

Attention has recently focused on the low frequency electromagnetic fields in homes. Public are interested in knowing the domestic EMF fields to help determine whether exposure to these fields causes ill health and, in particular, to provide measure of the EMF environment for an epidemiological survey. Information on the sources of home electromagnetic fields and their characteristics will be needed in order to assess longterm or past exposure to such fields and to evaluate effective methods for modifying the levels of fields should that become necessary. Residential measurement consist of a series of spot readings recorded inside frequently occupied rooms. Each spot measurement consists of a single maximum magnetic flux reading recorded by a direct reading instrument at a fixed location and time. Magnetic field recordings in different locations and current readings in different conductors associated with each residence over a one day time period is successfully done. Residential magnetic field sources are identified: nearby transmission and distribution lines, residential grounding system currents, and unusual wiring configurations. Appliance, as magnetic field sources, were also measured. The purpose of this paper is to put into perspective the dominant magnetic fields to which people are exposed at home. The extensive data presented are useful for understanding variations of field levels that can be encountered in various places and for estimating possible residential exposure levels

Power-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields In The Home

Attention has recently focused on the low frequency electromagnetic fields in homes. Public are interested in knowing the domestic EMF fields to help determine whether exposure to these fields causes ill health and, in particular, to provide measure of the EMF environment for an epidemiological survey. Information on the sources of home electromagnetic fields and their characteristics will be needed in order to assess longterm or past exposure to such fields and to evaluate effective methods for modifying the levels of fields should that become necessary. Residential measurement consist of a series of spot readings recorded inside frequently occupied rooms. Each spot measurement consists of a single maximum magnetic flux reading recorded by a direct reading instrument at a fixed location and time. Magnetic field recordings in different locations and current readings in different conductors associated with each residence over a one day time period is successfully done. Residential magnetic field sources are identified: nearby transmission and distribution lines, residential grounding system currents, and unusual wiring configurations. Appliance, as magnetic field sources, were also measured. The purpose of this paper is to put into perspective the dominant magnetic fields to which people are exposed at home. The extensive data presented are useful for understanding variations of field levels that can be encountered in various places and for estimating possible residential exposure levels

Influence of Precursor Compounds on the Structural and Catalytic Properties of Cobalt-Based Catalysts

The effects of different cobalt precursor compounds on the structural and catalytic properties of cobalt metal and Co 3 O 4 catalysts have been investigated. The techniques employed for characterizing the different solids were XRD, ESR and TEM methods, together with their effectiveness as catalysts in the decomposition of H 2 O 2 at 30–50 °C. The results obtained indicate that the investigated catalysts contained clusters or very small particles of cobalt metal or Co 3 O 4 phases. Cobalt metal and Co 3 O 4 catalysts based on cobalt chloride exhibited higher catalytic activities than other catalysts derived from cobalt nitrate and sulphate salts, respectively, due to their decreased particle sizes. The activation energies of the catalytic reaction over the as-prepared catalysts revealed that the different precursor compounds did not modify the energetic nature of the active sites involved in the catalyzed reaction but changed their concentrations