Broadband inelastic light scattering of a relaxor ferroelectric 0.71Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.29PbTiO3

Brillouin and Raman scatterings of a 0.71Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.29PbTiO3 single crystal have been measured to investigate broadband inelastic spectra. The two different central peaks related to fast and slow relaxation processes have been observed separately. These two processes are attributed to the thermally activated switching of polarization in polar nanoregions. By the analysis of modified superparaelectric model, the activation energies of fast and slow relaxation processes are determined to be 3.66×103 and 4.31×102 K, respectively. The fast process with the lower activation energy probably originated from 180° switching, whereas the slow one with the higher energy from non-180° switching

Bordetella evades the host immune system by inducing IL-10 through a type III effector, BopN

The inflammatory response is one of several host alert mechanisms that recruit neutrophils from the circulation to the area of infection. We demonstrate that Bordetella, a bacterial pathogen, exploits an antiinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10), to evade the host immune system. We identified a Bordetella effector, BopN, that is translocated into the host cell via the type III secretion system, where it induces enhanced production of IL-10. Interestingly, the BopN effector translocates itself into the nucleus and is involved in the down-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Using pharmacological blockade, we demonstrated that BopN-induced IL-10 production is mediated, at least in part, by its ability to block the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. We also showed that BopN blocks nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κBp65) but, in contrast, promotes nuclear translocation of NF-κBp50. A BopN-deficient strain was unable to induce IL-10 production in mice, resulting in the elimination of bacteria via neutrophil infiltration into the pulmonary alveoli. Furthermore, IL-10–deficient mice effectively eliminated wild-type as well as BopN mutant bacteria. Thus, Bordetella exploits BopN as a stealth strategy to shut off the host inflammatory reaction. These results explain the ability of Bordetella species to avoid induction of the inflammatory response

The Times of the Regional Management : From the Research at the Sightseeing Type Shopping District

これまでの商業論は、主として定住人口に対する小売商業機能を中心に、①近隣型商店街、②地域型商店街、③広域型商店街、④超広域型商店街という分類により商店街問題を議論してきた。しかし、全国各地における中心商店街の衰退問題の深刻化から、まちづくりが大きな問題として取り上げられるようになっている。こうした中で、特色ある地域資源を活用することにより必ずしも定住人口を対象としたものではなく、むしろ交流人口を主体として広域から観光客を集客している「観光型商店街」の事例が全国各地から紹介されるようになった。この論文では、地域資源の一つである歴史的資源を活用した、「観光型商店街」問題に焦点をあて、地域経営の視点から考察を試みたものである。\nAt present, the central shopping district at all over the country is declining. “The sightseeing type shopping district” which utilized historic resources is attracting public attention in the sametime And, such a sightseeing type shopping district is gathering a lot of excursionists from the wide area. I am paying attention to “the sightseeing type shopping district” which is utilizing the historic resources which are one of region resources in this research. Then it is trying considering from the viewpoint of the regional management