第4章 自伝的エピソード記憶の再生における個人差について : 抑うつ気分の差と性差の影響についての検討

〈成熟〉概念の社会学的研究（分担執筆

Ontogeny of object exploration and reaction to spatial changes in the rat.

Sprague-Dawley rats (n=96) from postnatal 17-day-old to 24-day-old were compared for their exploration of 4 objects in an open-field, locomotor activity, object exploration time, habituation, and exploration time to the spatial change. As the locomotor activity increased, 23-day-old and 24-day-old rats explored the objects more than any other rats of the age groups. All rats showed habituation. It was not until the rats were 21-day-old that they re-explored the spatially changed object. 21-day-old rats more frequently investigated the object than older (22-day-old, 23-day-old, 24-day-old) rats. These results suggest that the exploration for objects precedes developmentally that of spatially changed object, and that 21-day-old rats begin to acquire informations about the spatial relationship in the environment

Investigation of Recall and Reconstruction of Emotional Autobiographical Memory.

This study was designed to investigate the positive bias and the fading affect bias (FAB) during recall of emotional autobiographical memory, and the differences of these biases among undergraduate students (N=85) by the Self-esteem scale, the Psychological well-being scale, the Thinking about life event scale, and the Big Five scale. This study also examined whether reconstruction of emotional autobiographical memory might correlate to false recall and false recognition generated by the DRM paradigm. The result revealed the followings. 1) Difference between positive estimation and negative estimation of negative experience was smaller than that between those of positive experience. 2) Correlation analysis showed that during recall of positive experience, emotional intensity positively correlated to positive estimation, and negatively correlated to negative estimation. 3) Self-esteem and extroversion positively correlated to recall of positive autobiographical memory and emotional estimation of it. 4) False recall ratio and false recognition ratio did not correlate to any measure of reconstruction of emotional auto-biographical memory. Taken together, these results suggest that younger adults generally show reconstruction of positive experience from negative one, and that the reconstruction of emotional autobiographical memory and the association memory error by the DRM paradigm do not appear to be equivalent

Relationship between subjective properties associated with remembering autobiographical episodic memories, and emotion: Investigation by the subjective properties questionnaire of autobiographical memory

This study was desihgned to revise the subjective properties questionnaire of autobiographical memory (Sekiguchi, 2011)(Study 1), and investigated the subjective properties of emotional autobiographical episodes by the revised one(Study 2), and the relationship to the individual differences of depressive mood, subjective well-being and emotion regulation(Study 3). The result of Study 1 revealed that exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of 16 items of the state during recollection showed five factor structures (perceptual vividness/verbal details / sense of re-experience /emotional intensity/emotional valence). The result of Study 2 revealed that the comparison of subjective properties during recollection of positive, negative and neutral events showed that almost all properties of positive events were significantly higher than thoseof negative or neutral events. The result of Study 3 revealed as follows. 1) The perceptual vividness, verbal details and emotional intensity elicited by the individuals with high subjective well-being were higher than those with low subjective well-being. 2) The verbal details of elicited by the individuals with low depressive mood were higher than those with high depressive mood. 3)The Individuals using suppressive strategy or reappraisal strategy of emotion regulation showed no significant differences in any properties of autobiographical memories

An Attempt to Make the Japanese Version of Autobiographical Episodic Memory Test (Test Episodique de Mémoire du Passé autobiographique)

This study was designed to make the Japanese version of autobiographical episodic memory test(Test Episodique de Mémoire du Passé autobiographique,TEMPau,Piolino et al.,2003)under the permission of the author of French original version of TEMPau. The TEMPau has been devised by Piolino et al.(2003)to evaluate specificity(uniqueness, spatio-temporal location,details), autonoetic consciousness(R-responses) and self-perspectives(Field or Observer) of autobiographical episodic memory across the five life time periods(Period1:0-17 years old,Period 2:18-30years old,Period 3:more than 30 years old except last 5years,Period 4:last 5year except last 12months,Period 5:last 12months).The result revealed the followings.1)The score of spontaneity during Period 5 was higher than that during Period 4,and the field-view points during Period5 were more than those of Period3.2)Although the specificity of autobiographical episodic memory was not significantly different across the five periods, R-responses (what-R,when-R,where-R and total R)during Period 5 were the fewest across the periods.3)The correlation between total R-responses(the first test)and total Rj-responses(the second test)indicated that the reliability of the episodes recalled by participants. 4)The correlation between each scores of TEMP au and Emotional regulation questionnaire and BDI-Ⅱ were not significant,and the correlation with the performance of the executive function tasks indicated positively significant.5)The each score of the Japanese version was almost the same as the French original version of TEMPau.These findings suggested that the Japanese version of TEMPau was as reliable as the French original version of TEMPau

Phenomenological and Subjective Properties Associated with Remembering Autobiographical Memories : Investigation by the Subjective Properties Questionnaire of Autobiographical Episodic Memory.

This study was designed to originally develop the subjective properties questionnaire of autobiographical episodic memory (Study 1), and investigated the subjective properties of autobiographical episodes elicited by olfactory and verbal cues by the questionnaire (Study 2). The result of Study 1 revealed the followings. 1) Exploratory factor analysis of 20 items of the state and emotion during recollection of positive, negative and neutral events showed six factor structures (verbal details /spatial vividness, audio-visual vividness /sense of reliving, emotional intensity, emotional valence, sense of emotional reappearance, olfactory tactile vividness). 2) All the variables were analyzed by regression analysis. Independent variables were gender, memory age, emotional intensity, emotional valence, mood just before recollection, and the remaining variables were dependent variables. The result showed that emotional intensity was more consistent predictor of subjective properties of autobiographical episodic memory. 3) The comparison of subjective properties during recollection of positive, negative and neutral events showed that almost all properties of positive events were significantly higher than those of negative or neutral events. The result of Study 2 revealed that the properties of autobiographical episodes elicited by olfactory cues were the same as those by verbal cues, and could be measured by the modality specific item of the questionnaire

Lost names, lost events. An attempt to make remote memory tests using photographs.

In this research，the making of remote memory tests was attempted，using photographs of social events(news event picture test) or of famous people\u27s faces(famous face test). Those two tests were carried out in consideration of the point that such tests should be created according to the subjects of a specific age, a specific cultural sphere and a specific place of residence. The difficulty of sampling which event and which face to choose was carefully considered. The temporal gradient of recall and recognition was examined for both tests. In Experiment 1, a news event picture test from 1971 to 2000 was carried out with the undergraduate students(mean age，21.5). The results showed that the latest events(1990-2000) were recalled well compared with the events before their birth(1971-1980)，but a similar temporal gradient was not seen in recognition, and for the events of 1990-2000, subjects judged correctly the year when an event had occurred, but for the events of 1971-1980, they showed a tendency of forward telescoping. In Experiments 2 and 3 famous face test composed with carefully sampled photographs of famous people\u27s faces was carried out. The results showed that, the faces of famous personalities rehearsed socially through media(easy faces) were recalled easily and no temporal gradient was seen, but the faces of famous personalities not rehearsed(hard faces) were difficult to recall and a temporal gradient was seen.本研究では、社会的出来事の写真や有名人の顔写真を用いて、遠隔記憶検査の作成を試みた。遠隔記憶検査作成の際には、特定の年代、特定の文化圏、特定の居住地の被験者に合わせて作成しなければならないという点と、どの出来事やどの顔を選択するかというサンプリングの難しさの点を考慮し、ニュース出来事写真テスト(news event picture test) と有名人の顔テスト(famous face test) を実施した。また、各テストの再生結果の時間的傾斜(temporal gradient)について考察した。実験1では、1971年から2000年までのニュース出来事写真テストを20代前半の大学生に実施した。この結果、再生では、生前の出来事(71年-80年)に比べて最近の出来事は思い出しやすいことが示されたが、再認では、このような時間的傾斜は見られなかった。出来事の生起年についての判断は、最近10年ぐらいについては正確だが、生前の出来事については実際の生起年より後に判断する傾向を示した。実験2、実験3では、写真のサンプリングに留意して、1970年代から1990年代および2000年の有名人の顔テストを行った。この結果、社会的リハーサルが行われやすい有名人の顔では、名前の再生が容易で時間的傾斜が見られず、そうでない顔では、再生が困難であり時間的傾斜が示された

Inquiry on Personal Pasts

This article considers and summarizes the methods and their problems of researching on personal pasts in neuropsychology and cognitive psychology. The study focusses on remote memory tests of famous public events and famous faces, and for autobiographical memory tests using a diary, Crovitz\u27s technique, and an autobiographical memory interview.本論文は、個人の過去全般にわたる記憧について、認知心理学や神経心理学においてどのような検査や方法が用いられているかを論じたものである。まず、遠隔記憤と自伝的記憶の区別について述べた後に、社会的出来事の再生や再認を調べる方法、人生における出来事の再生の研究方法、自伝的記憶と自伝的事実を調べる方法について、遠隔記憶検査、日誌的技法、手がかり法、自伝的記憶インタビューなどの方法を挙げ、概説した。また各方法についての問題点を挙げた

The effect of depressive mood on face recognition in non-clinical individuals

This research investigated whether depressive subjects in non-clinical groups can recognize accurately facial stimuli displaying different intensities of sadness (3 levels), happiness (4 levels) and angriness (4 levels) compared to non-depressive subjects, and whether depressive subjects in non-clinical groups show attentional biases to recognize the weak intensities of sad facial stimuli as sad faces compared to non-depressive subjects. Undergraduate female students were screened by BDI, and divided into two (high-depressive and low-depressive) groups. The measures were response ratio and response latency. The results of this experiment were as follows: 1) In the recognition of happy and angry faces, depressive subjects did not differ from non-depressive-subjects, and could recognize accurately expression on female faces in proportion to the intensities of expression, and judged subtly expressive male faces as happy or angry. 2) In the recognition of sad faces, depressive subjects could recognize accurately expression on female faces in proportion to the intensities of expression, but judged subtle expressive male faces as sad much more than non-depressive subjects. 3) Irrespective of depressive tendency, female subjects recognized accurately expression on female faces in proportion to the intensities of expression, but judged subtly expressive male faces as happy，angry or sad. The result suggests that depressive subjects in non-clinical group do not show significant evidence of attentional biases for facial stimuli displaying different intensities of expression.本研究では、怒り、喜び、悲しみの顔刺激の表出強度を数段階にした写真刺激を用いて、非臨床群をBDIによりスクリーニングし、高うつ群と低うつ群に分け、顔の表情判断について以下の仮説を検討した。1) 高うつ群で表情判断の正確さが損なわれるのであれば、3感情のどの表出強度の判断も抑うつ傾向の低い被験者よりも劣っている。2) もし高うつ群にcontent-specificな注意のバイアスがあるならば、悲しい顔の表情判断では高うつ群の方が表出強度がわずかな表的でも敏感に悲しいと認知をするが、怒りと喜びではどの表出強度でも表情判断において低うつ群と差はなく表出強度に応じて判断の正確さを増す。実験の結果から以下の点が明らかになった。1) 怒った顔と笑った顔では、高うつ群はどの表出強度でも低うつ群と差はなく、女性顔については表出強度に比例した判断の正確さが示され、男性顔については真顔に比べて他の全ての表出強度で表情ありと判断した。2) 悲しい顔では、女性顔では高うつ群と低うつ群に差はなく表出強度に応じて判断の正確さが増したが、男性顔では微妙な表情判断では高うつ群の方が高い比率で表情ありと判断する傾向にあったが、高うつ群も低うつ群も真顔に比べて他の表出強度で表情ありと判断した。3) 抑うつ傾向に関わらず3表情すべてについて、女性顔では表出強度に応じて判断の正確さを増したが、男性顔では真顔とそれ以外の表出強度で判断比率の差が認められた。以上の結果から、仮説1は支持されない結果となった。仮説2については、怒った顔や笑った顔では両群間に差はなく、表出強度に応じて判断の正確さを増すという点は支持されたが、悲しい顔の表情判断では、高うつ群の方が微妙な表情つまり表出強度がわずかでも敏感に悲しいと認知をするという点は、女性顔については支持されず男性顔については明確な結果は得られなかった。したがって、本研究の結果から非臨床群については上記の仮説は支持されなかった

The effect of individual differences of face recognition on the other race effect : Investigation by the video task

The object of this study was to investigate firstly, the other race effect by using a video task and the SRQ-J was detectable or not, secondly, highly face recognizer showed the other race effect more than average people did or not. The result showed as follows; regardless of score of SRQ-J, the other race effect was detected on correct ratio of all recognition, of character identification and of scene comprehension. SQR-J High group showed no difference to Low group in the correct ratio of character identification but showed better score than Low group in that of scene comprehension. Experiment also showed that highly recognizer individual showed as much the other race effect as average individual did in character identification in a video task.本研究の目的は，第一に，映像課題を用いても他人種効果が認められるかどうかを検討すること，第二に，顔認識能力の優れた個人は，平均的な能力の個人に比べて他人種効果を示さない傾向があるかをSRQ-Jと映像課題により検討することであった。実験の結果，SRQ-Jの得点群(高群・低群)に関わらず，映像についての質問の全正答率，人物同定の正答率，および内容理解の正答率において他人種効果を示した。SRQ-J高群は，人物同定正答率では低群と差が認められなかったが，内容理解正答率では有意に成績がよいことが示された。本研究の結果から，映像課題においても他人種効果を検討することは可能であること，また，顔認識能力の優れた個人は平均的な個人と同様に映像内の人物同定については他人種効果を示すことが示された